{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:45:50Z","timestamp":1760985950919,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009880","name":"Regione Lazio","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["e-Alierb project LR13\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["e-Alierb project LR13\/2008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Dipartimenti di Eccellenza-L. 232\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dipartimenti di Eccellenza-L. 232\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EU_FT-ICR_MS, under grant number 731077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU_FT-ICR_MS, under grant number 731077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125"]}]},{"name":"The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology FCT","award":["CEECIND\/02246\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02246\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Torpedino di Fondi (TF) is a hybrid tomato landrace developed in Sicily and recently introduced in the south Lazio area along with the classical San Marzano (SM) cultivar. The present study aimed at characterizing TF tomatoes at both pink and red ripening stages, and at comparing them with traditional SM tomatoes. A multidisciplinary approach consisting of morphological, chemical (FT-ICR MS, NMR, HPLC, and spectrophotometric methods), and biological (antioxidant and antifungal in vitro activity) analyses was applied. Morphological analysis confirmed the mini-San Marzano nature and the peculiar crunchy and solid consistency of TF fruits. Pink TF tomatoes displayed the highest content of hydrophilic antioxidants, like total polyphenols (0.192 mg\/g), tannins (0.013 mg\/g), flavonoids (0.204 mg\/g), and chlorophylls a (0.344 mg\/g) and b (0.161 mg\/g), whereas red TF fruits were characterized by the highest levels of fructose (3000 mg\/100 g), glucose (2000 mg\/100 g), tryptophan (2.7 mg\/100 g), phenylalanine (13 mg\/100 g), alanine (25 mg\/100 g), and total tri-unsaturated fatty acids (13% mol). Red SM fruits revealed the greatest content of lipophilic antioxidants, with 1234 mg\/g of total carotenoids. In agreement with phenolics content, TF cultivar showed the greatest antioxidant activity. Lastly, red TF inhibited Candida species (albicans, glabrata and krusei) growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9101027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T10:14:22Z","timestamp":1603275262000},"page":"1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Chemico-Biological Characterization of Torpedino Di Fondi\u00ae Tomato Fruits: A Comparison with San Marzano Cultivar at Two Ripeness Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4817-7318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Ingallina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2725-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Maccelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Spano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0110-5010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Di Matteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7467-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Di Sotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia \u201cV. Ersparmer\u201d, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5694-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Sapienza, Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3025-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Vinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Management, Laboratorio di Merceologia, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3049-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Di Giacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia \u201cV. Ersparmer\u201d, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Rapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Management, Laboratorio di Merceologia, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Ciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Management, Laboratorio di Merceologia, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Fraschetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo-Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3080-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Sousa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo-Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0991-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisa","family":"Crestoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8709-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anatoly P.","family":"Sobolev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici, Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica \u201cAnnalaura Segre\u201d, CNR, 00015 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Fornarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8659-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Mannina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0523.2006.01183.x","article-title":"(GATA)4 DNA fingerprinting identifies morphologically characterized \u201cSan Marzano\u201d tomato plants","volume":"125","author":"Rao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Breed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0308-8146(95)95791-4","article-title":"Composition of San Marzano tomato varieties","volume":"53","author":"Loiudice","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dono, G., Rambla, J.L., Frusciante, S., Granell, A., Diretto, G., and Mazzucato, A. (2020). Color mutations alter the biochemical composition in the san marzano tomato fruit. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10030110"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unraveling the complexity of transcriptomic, metabolomic and quality environmental response of tomato fruit","volume":"17","author":"Ferriello","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-008-9768-4","article-title":"Biochemical, sensorial and genomic profiling of traditional Italian tomato varieties","volume":"164","author":"Ercolano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobolev, A.P., Circi, S., Capitani, D., Ingallina, C., and Mannina, L. (2017). Molecular fingerprinting of food authenticity. Curr. Opin. Food Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2017.08.002"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.035","article-title":"Use of NMR applications to tackle future food fraud issues","volume":"91","author":"Sobolev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108927","article-title":"Characterization of a repertoire of tomato fruit genetic variants in the San marzano genetic background","volume":"261","author":"Dono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic. (Amst.)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12053072","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Aminoethylcysteine Ketimine Decarboxylated Dimer: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Macone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827610387488","article-title":"Tomato Consumption and Health: Emerging Benefits","volume":"5","author":"Reimers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.060","article-title":"Antioxidant bioactive compounds in tomato fruits at different ripening stages and their effects on normal and cancer cells","volume":"18","author":"Raiola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-011-0687-3","article-title":"Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds in Selected Industrial Processing and Fresh Consumption Tomato Cultivars","volume":"6","author":"Periago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3605","article-title":"Review of flavonoids and other phenolics from fruits of different tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars","volume":"89","author":"Slimestad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fratianni, F., Cozzolino, A., D\u2019Acierno, A., Nazzaro, F., Riccardi, R., and Spigno, P. (2020). Qualitative Aspects of Some Traditional Landraces of the Tomato \u201cPiennolo\u201d (Solanum lycopersicum L.) of the Campania Region, Southern Italy. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070565"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.1021\/jf500792k","article-title":"Three-Year Comparative Study of Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Capacities in Fruits of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cultivars Grown under Organic and Conventional Conditions","volume":"62","author":"Anton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128062","article-title":"Lycopene, polyphenols and antioxidant activities of three characteristic tomato cultivars subjected to two drying methods","volume":"338","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Activity of Solanum lycopersicum against Candida species isolated from retro-positive patients\u2014An invitro study","volume":"9","author":"Devadas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2020.09.006","article-title":"Valorisation of table tomato crop by-products: Phenolic profiles and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities","volume":"124","author":"Pinela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14889","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200814889","article-title":"Recombinant Production of Snakin-2 (an Antimicrobial Peptide from Tomato) in E. coli and Analysis of Its Bioactivity","volume":"20","author":"Herbel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasile Rusu, A., Alvarez Penedo, B., Schwarze, A.-K., and Trif, M. (2020). The Influence of Candida spp. in Intestinal Microbiota; Diet Therapy, the Emerging Conditions Related to Candida in Athletes and Elderly People. Candidiasis [Working Title], IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.92791"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobolev, A.P., Mannina, L., Capitani, D., Sanz\u00f2, G., Ingallina, C., Botta, B., Fornarini, S., Crestoni, M.E., Chiavarino, B., and Carradori, S. (2018). A multi-methodological approach in the study of Italian PDO \u201cCornetto di Pontecorvo\u201d red sweet pepper. Food Chem., 255.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.02.050"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125649","article-title":"Phytochemical and biological characterization of Italian \u201csedano bianco di Sperlonga\u201d Protected Geographical Indication celery ecotype: A multimethodological approach","volume":"309","author":"Ingallina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Circi, S., Capitani, D., Randazzo, A., Ingallina, C., Mannina, L., and Sobolev, A.P. (2017). Panel test and chemical analyses of commercial olive oils: A comparative study. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-017-0101-0"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingallina, C., Sobolev, A.P., Circi, S., Spano, M., Fraschetti, C., Filippi, A., Di Sotto, A., Di Giacomo, S., Mazzoccanti, G., and Gasparrini, F. (2020). Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences from Monoecious Cultivars Grown in Central Italy: An Untargeted Chemical Characterization from Early Flowering to Ripening. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081908"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016780624280","article-title":"A Spectrophotometric Analysis of Pigments in Apples","volume":"48","author":"Solovchenko","year":"2001","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues","volume":"226","author":"Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(11)81192-2","article-title":"The Spectral Determination of Chlorophylls a and b, as well as Total Carotenoids, Using Various Solvents with Spectrophotometers of Different Resolution","volume":"144","author":"Wellburn","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingallina, C., Sobolev, A.P., Circi, S., Spano, M., Giusti, A.M., and Mannina, L. (2020). New hybrid tomato cultivars: An NMR-based chemical characterization. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10051887"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2787(1998)17:1<1::AID-MAS1>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: A primer","volume":"17","author":"Marshall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020, April 20). MassTRIX. Available online: http:\/\/masstrix3.helmholtz-muenchen.de\/masstrix3\/start)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kind, T., and Fiehn, O. (2007). Seven Golden Rules for heuristic filtering of molecular formulas obtained by accurate mass spectrometry. BMC Bioinform., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-105"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5336","DOI":"10.1021\/ac034415p","article-title":"Graphical Method for Analysis of Ultrahigh-Resolution Broadband Mass Spectra of Natural Organic Matter, the Van Krevelen Diagram","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5329070","article-title":"Effect of Steaming and Boiling on the Antioxidant Properties and Biogenic Amines Content in Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Varieties of Different Colours","volume":"2017","author":"Preti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2005.10.027","article-title":"Evaluation of two different extraction methods for chromatographic determination of bioactive amines in tomato products","volume":"69","author":"Chiacchierini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.11.041","article-title":"Capsicum annuum L. var. Cornetto di Pontecorvo PDO: Polyphenolic profile and in vitro biological activities","volume":"40","author":"Vecchiato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5588","article-title":"Sisymbrium Officinale (L.) Scop. and its Polyphenolic Fractions Inhibit the Mutagenicity of Tert-Butylhydroperoxide in Escherichia Coli WP2 uvr AR Strain","volume":"30","author":"Toniolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Sotto, A., Locatelli, M., Macone, A., Toniolo, C., Cesa, S., Carradori, S., Eufemi, M., Mazzanti, G., and Di Giacomo, S. (2019). Hypoglycemic, Antiglycation, and Cytoprotective Properties of a Phenol-Rich Extract From Waste Peel of Punica granatum L. var. Dente di Cavallo DC2. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201908.0028.v1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Sotto, A., Irannejad, H., Eufemi, M., Mancinelli, R., Abete, L., Mammola, C.L., Altieri, F., Mazzanti, G., and Di Giacomo, S. (2020). Potentiation of Low-Dose Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity by Affecting P-Glycoprotein through Caryophyllane Sesquiterpenes in HepG2 Cells: An in Vitro and in Silico Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020633"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000331858","article-title":"Cassia angustifolia Extract Is Not Hepatotoxic in an in vitro and in vivo Study","volume":"88","author":"Vitalone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.11.018","article-title":"Caryophyllane sesquiterpenes inhibit DNA-damage by tobacco smoke in bacterial and mammalian cells","volume":"111","author":"Abete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2017). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts CLSI Document M27, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07700.x","article-title":"Reproductive Capacity and Seed Size in Lupinus Texensis","volume":"67","author":"Schaal","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F4.3.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142913.faf0403s01","article-title":"Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Measurement and Characterization by UV-VIS Spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Food Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.1176","article-title":"Proton high-field NMR study of tomato juice","volume":"41","author":"Sobolev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.03.003","article-title":"Study of the suitability of HRMAS NMR for metabolic profiling of tomatoes: Application to tissue differentiation and fruit ripening","volume":"122","author":"Iglesias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8530","DOI":"10.1021\/jf502113r","article-title":"1 H NMR Profiling as an Approach To Differentiate Conventionally and Organically Grown Tomatoes","volume":"62","author":"Hohmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.088534","article-title":"Integrated Analysis of Metabolite and Transcript Levels Reveals the Metabolic Shifts That Underlie Tomato Fruit Development and Highlight Regulatory Aspects of Metabolic Network Behavior","volume":"142","author":"Carrari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-007-0059-1","article-title":"Quantitative metabolic profiles of tomato flesh and seeds during fruit development: Complementary analysis with ANN and PCA","volume":"3","author":"Mounet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agius, C., von Tucher, S., Poppenberger, B., and Rozhon, W. (2018). Quantification of Glutamate and Aspartate by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061389"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0373-1","article-title":"Free amino acid production during tomato fruit ripening: A focus on l-glutamate","volume":"38","author":"Sorrequieta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(00)00342-3","article-title":"Changes in amino acid composition and nitrogen metabolizing enzymes in ripening fruits of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill","volume":"159","author":"Boggio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22566","article-title":"Occurrence of Enantioselectivity in Nature: The Case of (S)-Norcoclaurine","volume":"28","author":"Ghirga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2010.08.002","article-title":"Metabolite profiling and quantification of phenolic compounds in methanol extracts of tomato fruit","volume":"71","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-015-0780-0","article-title":"Absolute quantification of metabolites in tomato fruit extracts by fast 2D NMR","volume":"11","author":"Deborde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990697b","article-title":"Presence of 2-Furoylmethyl Derivatives in Hydrolysates of Processed Tomato Products","volume":"48","author":"Sanz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.03.002","article-title":"A non-targeted metabolomic approach to identify food markers to support discrimination between organic and conventional tomato crops","volume":"1546","author":"Bueno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2013.07.016","article-title":"Steroidal glycoalkaloid profiling and structures of glycoalkaloids in wild tomato fruit","volume":"95","author":"Iijima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.08.047","article-title":"Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry for metabolomic profiling of the endogenous phytohormonal status of the tomato plant","volume":"1260","author":"Bussche","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-019-00728-8","article-title":"Analysis of Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxyl Fatty Acid in Selected Plant Food","volume":"74","author":"Bakula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2011.0118","article-title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties, Total Phenolic Content, and Biological Activities of New Tomato Hybrids of Industrial Interest","volume":"15","author":"Tommonaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2503\/jjshs1.77.94","article-title":"Metabolite Profiling of Chalcones and Flavanones in Tomato Fruit","volume":"77","author":"Iijima","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10317","article-title":"Quantitative Profiling of Major Neutral Lipid Classes in Human Meibum by Direct Infusion Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28839-3","article-title":"Dietary non-fermentable fiber prevents autoimmune neurological disease by changing gut metabolic and immune status","volume":"8","author":"Berer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12833","article-title":"Biogenic amines in wine: A review","volume":"50","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briguglio, M., Dell\u2019Osso, B., Panzica, G., Malgaroli, A., Banfi, G., Zanaboni Dina, C., Galentino, R., and Porta, M. (2018). Dietary Neurotransmitters: A Narrative Review on Current Knowledge. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050591"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00080-1","article-title":"Biogenic amines in dry fermented sausages: A review","volume":"88","author":"Suzzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linares, D.M., del R\u00edo, B., Ladero, V., Mart\u00ednez, N., Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Mart\u00edn, M.C., and \u00c1lvarez, M.A. (2012). Factors Influencing Biogenic Amines Accumulation in Dairy Products. Front. Microbiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00180"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0502698","article-title":"Standardized Methods for the Determination of Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics in Foods and Dietary Supplements","volume":"53","author":"Prior","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2011.01.008","article-title":"Comparison of ABTS\/DPPH assays to measure antioxidant capacity in popular antioxidant-rich US foods","volume":"24","author":"Floegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.04.045","article-title":"Comparative antioxidant activities of carotenoids measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ABTS bleaching assay (\u03b1TEAC), DPPH assay and peroxyl radical scavenging assay","volume":"129","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2011.03.015","article-title":"Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant content in tomato varieties and evaluation of mutual interactions between antioxidants","volume":"44","author":"Lachman","year":"2011","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.52.5.601-607.1946","article-title":"Partial Antibiotic Spectrum Of Tomatin, an Antibiotic Agent from the Tomato Plant 12","volume":"52","author":"Irving","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68214-9","article-title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Lactobacillus johnsonii modulate intestinal inflammation and eliminate fungi via enzymatic hydrolysis of the fungal cell wall","volume":"10","author":"Charlet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"465","article-title":"Adherence of Candida strains isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"45","author":"Biasoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Othman, L., Sleiman, A., and Abdel-Massih, R.M. (2019). Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Alkaloids in Middle Eastern Plants. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00911"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, H., Mubarak, M.S., and Amin, S. (2017). Antifungal Potential of Alkaloids As An Emerging Therapeutic Target. Curr. Drug Targets, 18.","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450117666160719095517"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/9\/10\/1027\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:25:29Z","timestamp":1760178329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/9\/10\/1027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox9101027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9101027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3921"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]}}}