{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T02:08:50Z","timestamp":1776218930771,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]],"date-time":"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a severe form of environmental pollution that has the potential to contaminate surface and ground waters by introducing heavy metals and lowering the pH. The feasibility of using nanofiltration (NF) as a potentially attractive and cost-effective remediation method to treat acid mine drainage was investigated in this study. The performance of an acid-stable NF membrane focusing on the effects of the water pH and membrane charge on ion rejection was systematically studied. A single salt solution experiment showed that Mg, Cu, and Mn containing species were highly rejected at above 97%. Below the membrane iso-electric point (IEP), Mn showed an increased rejection of 99%, while Mg and Mn rejections were relatively constant within the investigated pH range of pH 2 to 7. Rejection of monovalent Cl\u2212 decreased with increasing concentration of an accompanying divalent SO42\u2212, showing that Donnan related effects are more prominent at higher ionic concentrations. The sulfate rejection decreased drastically below pH 3 due to the formation of HSO4\u2212, which permeated through the membrane, which can be utilized as a way of separation of the metals from the accompanying sulfur-containing compounds. For mixed salt solutions, rejection of silicate dropped from 52% to 38% when magnesium sulfate was added, owing to shielding of the membrane surface charge by Mg2+ ions. The NF process performance with a simulated AMD solution was found to be similar to that with model salt solution experiments, both in terms of ion rejection values and general pH-dependent rejection trends. The results obtained can be used as a fast preliminary tool for evaluating the feasibility of using NF for treating AMD with a given ionic composition and pH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T03:48:48Z","timestamp":1578282528000},"page":"400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Nanofiltration of Simulated Acid Mine Drainage: Effect of pH and Membrane Charge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ye Wee","family":"Siew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-Requimte, DQ, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Karina Listiarini","family":"Zedda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Membranes, BU Liquid Purification Technologies, LANXESS-IAB Ionenaustauscher GmbH, D-06731 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9446-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlozar","family":"Velizarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-Requimte, DQ, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2004.09.006","article-title":"Acid Mine Drainage (AMD): Causes, treatment and case studies","volume":"14","author":"Akcil","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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