{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:00:47Z","timestamp":1776153647129,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aircraft oxygen regulators are a normally used specialized test bench designed to perform tests to the regulators during its work conditions. The tests are performed placing the regulator in the barometric chamber, where low pressure conditions are forced to simulate altitude conditions and then a flow is forced on the output of the regulator to simulate the inhalation of the user. The relevant test flows are measured by laminar flowmeters. These flowmeters are meant to measure the flowrate at pressures correspondent to altitudes between sea level altitude and fifty thousand feet. In this work a way was studied to automate laminar flowmeters used on oxygen regulator test benches. For this purpose, was developed a data acquisition system (DAS) using a microcontroller board and two microelectromechanical systems\u2014MEMSs (a pressure and temperature sensor and a differential pressure sensor). Since these MEMSs did not have factory calibration, they were calibrated in this study. The automated flowmeter was also calibrated. To estimate the error of flow rate measured by this solution, an uncertainties simulation model based on the Monte Carlo method and several calibrations were performed. According to the automated flowmeter calibration, the uncertainty obtained (\u00b10.45% fs) is accepted, but the authors only recommend its use for actual volumetric flowrate measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10030888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Uncertainties Simulation Model Applied to an Automated Laminar Flowmeter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Pedro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEMI\u2014Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, FCTNOVA, 1900 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3294-042X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNEC-Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, 1900 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"UNIDEMI\u2014Research and Development Unit in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, FCTNOVA, 1900 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"IPT\u2014Polythecnic Institute of Tomar, 2300 Tomar, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4637-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEMI\u2014Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, FCTNOVA, 1900 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"UNIDEMI\u2014Research and Development Unit in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, FCTNOVA, 1900 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brown, J.R., and Salamanca, M.A. (2014). Oxygen Equipment Use in General Aviation Operations, Federal Aviation Administration, Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Aerospace Medical Education Division."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (2012). Cabin Environmental Control Systems. Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook-Airframe, Newcastle (Washington): Aviation Supplies and Academics (ASA)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (1962). US. Standard Atmosphere."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Pedro, A. (2016). Improvement Study of an Oxygen Regulator\u2014Aircraft Component Test Bench. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculty of Sciences and Technology-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT NOVA)]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"United States Air Force (USAF) (2014). Technical Manual\u2014Maintenance Instructions-Oxygen Equipment, Department of the Air Force of the United States. no. T.O. 15X-1\u20131."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Baker, R.C. (2005). Flow Measurement Handbook: Industrial Designs, Operating Principles, Performance and Applications, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JCGM 100:2008 (2008). Evaluation of Measurement Data\u2013Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. Joint Commitee for Guides in Metrology, [1st ed.]. Available online: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2003.030528.","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.030528"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10560","DOI":"10.3390\/s101210560","article-title":"A new approach to laminar flowmeters","volume":"10","author":"Pena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"White, F.M. (2011). Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2011.08.007","article-title":"Calibration of laminar flow meters for process gases","volume":"25","author":"Wright","year":"2012","journal-title":"Flow Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Meriam (2015). User\u2019s Manual Laminar Flow Elements, Meriam."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Measurement Specialties (2012). MS5611-01BA03 Barometric Pressure Sensor, with Stainless Steel Cap, Measurement Specialties TM. Available online: https:\/\/www.te.com\/commerce\/DocumentDelivery\/DDEController?Action=srchrtrv&DocNm=MS5611-01BA03&DocType=Data+Sheet&DocLang=English."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"NXP Data Sheet: Technical Data (2019, January 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.nxp.com\/docs\/en\/data-sheet\/MPXV5004G.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Arduino (2016, September 19). Arduino Leonardo. Available online: https:\/\/store.arduino.cc\/leonardo."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"ATMEL Corporation (2016, September 19). ATMEGA32u4 Datasheet: ATmega16\/U4\/ATmega32U4. Available online: https:\/\/html.alldatasheet.com\/html-pdf\/241057\/ATMEL\/ATMEGA32U4\/153\/1\/ATMEGA32U4.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fluke Corporation (2010). RUSKA 7750i Air Data Test Set Users Manual. (PN3963351. USA), Available online: http:\/\/assets.fluke.com\/manuals\/7750i___umeng0000.pdf."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/3\/888\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:52:58Z","timestamp":1760172778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/3\/888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["app10030888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10030888","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]}}}