{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:10:19Z","timestamp":1776463819366,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234; LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-035234; ALG-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234; LISBOA-01-0247-FEDER-035234; ALG-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Raceways ponds are the microalgal production systems most commonly used at industrial scale. In this work, two different raceway configurations were tested under the same processing conditions to compare their performance on the production of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Biomass productivity, biochemical composition of the produced biomass, and power requirements to operate those reactors were evaluated. Water depths of 0.20 and 0.13 m, and culture circulation velocities of 0.30 and 0.15 m s\u22121 were tested. A standard configuration, which had a full channel width paddlewheel, proved to be the most energy efficient, consuming less than half of the energy required by a modified configuration (had a half channel width paddlewheel). The later showed to have slightly higher productivity, not enough to offset the large difference in energetic consumption. Higher flow velocity (0.30 m s\u22121) led to a 1.7 g m\u22122 d\u22121 improvement of biomass productivity of the system, but it increased the energy consumption twice as compared to the 0.15 m s\u22121 flow velocity. The latter velocity showed to be the most productive in lipids. A water depth of 0.20 m was the most suitable option tested to cultivate microalgae, since it allowed a 54% energy saving. Therefore, a standard raceway pond using a flow velocity of 0.3 m s\u22121 with a 0.20 m water depth was the most efficient system for microalgal cultivation. Conversely, a flow velocity of 0.15 m s\u22121 was the most suitable to produce lipids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10051725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T13:06:23Z","timestamp":1583240783000},"page":"1725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Nannochloropsis oceanica Cultivation in Pilot-Scale Raceway Ponds\u2014From Design to Cultivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&amp;D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9147-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&amp;D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&amp;D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana T.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&amp;D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&amp;D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3101-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCMAR\u2014Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&amp;D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-0844-9","article-title":"Outdoor cultivation of microalgae for carotenoid production: Current state and perspectives","volume":"74","author":"Guerrero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. 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