{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:12:09Z","timestamp":1778159529993,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]],"date-time":"2020-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programme for the Rural Development of Mainland Portugal","award":["PA54101, PA54102 and PA54103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA54101, PA54102 and PA54103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E. G. Simmons is the pathogen responsible of brown spot disease in pear and has become one of the main concerns for European pear producers. In Portugal, S. vesicarium is responsible for significant yield reduction and economic losses in \u201cRocha\u201d pear (Pyrus communis L. cv Rocha) production. Considering the antimicrobial potential of propolis, the high incidence of brown spot in pears and the emergence of fungicides resistance in S. vesicarium, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of Portuguese propolis as an alternative strategy to control brown spot disease in \u201cRocha\u201d pear. In vitro assays showed that propolis extracts were able to inhibit up to 90% the S. vesicarium mycelial growth. In vivo assays in artificially wounded and inoculated \u201cRocha\u201d pears showed that, compared to the control, the disease incidence decreased up to 25% and the lesions diameter up to 57%, in fruits treated with propolis. Moreover, propolis seems to be more efficient in reducing the disease incidence when applied after pathogen inoculation (curative assay) than when applied before pathogen inoculation (prophylactic assay). Thus, the results suggest that propolis extracts have potential to be applied as part of an integrated approach for the control of brown spot of pear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10061990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T09:27:41Z","timestamp":1584437261000},"page":"1990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Potential Application of Propolis Extracts to Control the Growth of Stemphylium vesicarium in \u201cRocha\u201d Pear"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marcella","family":"Loebler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DCTB\/MEtRICs, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria (INIAV) Oeiras, 2780-157 Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria (INIAV) Oeiras, 2780-157 Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria (INIAV), Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de Fruticultura de Vieira Natividade, 2460-059 Alcoba\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Muchagato Maur\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS\/DREAMS\/Universidade Lus\u00f3fona, Campo Grande, 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4127-9525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nio","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria (INIAV) Oeiras, 2780-157 Portugal"},{"name":"University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI\u2013Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria (INIAV) Oeiras, 2780-157 Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Vasilenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria (INIAV) Oeiras, 2780-157 Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCTB\/MEtRICs, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Benilde","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCTB\/MEtRICs, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0940-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCTB\/MEtRICs, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Paula","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCTB\/MEtRICs, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"A Estenfiliose da Pereira Rocha em Portugal","volume":"24","author":"Diogo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. T\u00e9cnico-Cient. Agr\u00edc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1094\/PD-90-1368","article-title":"Brown Spot of Pear: An emerging disease of economic importance Europe","volume":"90","author":"Llorente","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2008.12.012","article-title":"Inoculum reduction of Stemphylium vesicarium, the causal agent of brown spot of pear, through application of Trichoderma-based products","volume":"49","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2015.10.007","article-title":"Interaction of antifungal peptide BP15 with Stemphylium vesicarium, the causal agent of brown spot of pear","volume":"120","author":"Puig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-03-17-0079-R","article-title":"Epidemiological features and trends of brown spot of pear disease based on the diversity of pathogen populations and climate change effects","volume":"108","author":"Moragrega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-15-0250-RE","article-title":"Controlling brown spot of pear by a synthetic antimicrobial peptide under field conditions","volume":"99","author":"Puig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-018-0785-2","article-title":"QTLs for susceptibility to Stemphylium vesicarium in pear","volume":"38","author":"Cappai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Breed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-011-0607-1","article-title":"An update on control of brown spot of pear","volume":"6","author":"Llorente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2000102","article-title":"Propolis: Recent advances in chemistry and plant origin","volume":"31","author":"Bankova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"176","article-title":"The volatile composition of Portuguese propolis towards its origin discrimination","volume":"10","author":"Freire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19950202","article-title":"Propolis: Chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity","volume":"26","author":"Marcucci","year":"1995","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.05.004","article-title":"Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization","volume":"100","author":"Bankova","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.09.014","article-title":"Phenols and antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of propolis from Algarve, South of Portugal","volume":"48","author":"Miguel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.032","article-title":"Propolis: Is there a potential for the development of new drugs?","volume":"133","author":"Sforcin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1029","article-title":"Recent progress in pharmacological research of propolis","volume":"15","author":"Banskota","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"117","article-title":"Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly","volume":"73","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422009000800006","article-title":"Antifungal activity against postharvest fungi by extracts from Colombian propolis","volume":"32","author":"Meneses","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qu\u00edm. Nova"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13247","article-title":"Antimicrobial effects of six Algerian propolis extracts","volume":"51","author":"Boufadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-010-0186-8","article-title":"Control of citrus green and blue molds by Chinese propolis","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Soylu, E.M., \u00d6zdemir, A.E., Ert\u00fcrk, E., and \u015eahinler, N. (2004, January 19\u201323). Antifungal activity of propolis against Penicillium Digitatum, causal agent of green mold of citrus fruits. Proceedings of the First European Conference of Apidology \u2018EurBee\u2019, Udine, Italy."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"4823","article-title":"Chemical composition and antifungal activity of propolis against Penicillium digitatum","volume":"20","author":"Soylu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"359","article-title":"Potential application of Portuguese propolis to control blue mould disease in \u2018Rocha\u2019 pear","volume":"1144","author":"Duarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"38","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de extratos de pr\u00f3polis para conserva\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00f3s-colheita de morangos","volume":"1837","author":"Loebler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vida Rural."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"56","article-title":"Aplicaci\u00f3n de compuestos bioactivos para conservaci\u00f3n postcosecha de fresas","volume":"61","author":"Loebler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Frutic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20450\/mjcce.2016.864","article-title":"New emerging fields of application of propolis","volume":"35","author":"Bankova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1021\/jf073516b","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant properties and phenolic composition of Salvia virgata Jacq. from Turkey","volume":"56","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.08.029","article-title":"Influence of the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the antioxidant activity of Artemisia gorgonum Webb and Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. infusions from Cape Verde","volume":"115","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0251-1","article-title":"Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay","volume":"48","author":"Kedare","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.02.006","article-title":"Modulation of antioxidant, chelating and antimicrobial activity of poplar chemo-type propolis by extraction procures","volume":"57","author":"Jug","year":"2014","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.08.025","article-title":"Antioxidant properties, total phenols and pollen analysis of propolis samples from Portugal","volume":"46","author":"Moreira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.02.097","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity, phenolic profile and role in the inflammation of propolis","volume":"50","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.08.056","article-title":"Comparative study of different Portuguese samples of propolis: Pollinic, sensorial, physicochemical, microbiological characterization and antibacterial activity","volume":"50","author":"Dias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.055","article-title":"Correlation analysis between phenolic levels of Brazilian propolis extracts and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities","volume":"99","author":"Matta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2009.03.002","article-title":"Bioactivity of propolis from Santiago del Estero, Argentina, related to their chemical composition","volume":"42","author":"Chaillou","year":"2009","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.07.021","article-title":"Phenolic quantification and botanical origin of Portuguese propolis","volume":"49","author":"Vale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5386","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-04009-9","article-title":"Comparison of the antimicrobial activity of propolis extracts obtained by means of various extraction methods","volume":"56","author":"Pobiega","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2015.12.027","article-title":"Extraction method plays critical role in antibacterial activity of propolis-loaded hydrogels","volume":"105","author":"Bozzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FPE05002X","article-title":"Antifungal activities of propolis collected by different races of honeybees against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses","volume":"99","author":"Silici","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-007-9067-2","article-title":"Effect of the water extracts of propolis on stimulation and inhibition of different cells","volume":"54","author":"Najafi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0173","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of two propolis samples against human Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"12","author":"Campana","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5013","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of Portuguese propolis and floral sources for antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antifungal activity","volume":"28","author":"Vale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.011","article-title":"Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antifungal components from propolis against Penicillium italicum","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids","volume":"26","author":"Cushnie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01420","article-title":"Potential use of phenolic acids as anti-Candida agents: A review","volume":"6","author":"Teodoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-012-0204-0","article-title":"Antifungal activity and action mode of pinocembrin from propolis against Penicillium italicum","volume":"21","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-009-9559-3","article-title":"Characterisation of the first Stemphylium vesicarium isolates resistant to strobilurins in Italian pear orchards","volume":"126","author":"Alberoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3923\/ppj.2015.153.157","article-title":"Efficacy evaluation of Iraqi propolis against gray mold of stored orange caused by Penicillium digitatum","volume":"14","author":"Matny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"369","article-title":"Controle da cercosporiose e da ferrugem do cafeeiro com extrato etan\u00f3lico de pr\u00f3polis","volume":"55","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceres"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-013-1237-y","article-title":"Efficacy of propolis and cinnamon oil coating in controlling post-harvest anthracnose and quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) during cold storage","volume":"7","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control Apple Fruit Decay by Using \u2018Ethanol Extract of Propolis\u2019(EEP)","volume":"4","author":"Embaby","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJAMS"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/03235408.2013.809926","article-title":"Effectiveness of plant extracts to control purple blotch and Stemphylium blight diseases of onion (Allium cepa L.) in Assiut, Egypt","volume":"47","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-02-14-0036-R","article-title":"Postinfection activity of synthetic antimicrobial peptides against Stemphylium vesicarium in pear","volume":"104","author":"Puig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"96","article-title":"Desarrollo y evaluaci\u00f3n a escala productiva de un sistema de control racional de la estemfiliosis (Stemphylium vesicarium) del peral","volume":"78","author":"Montesinos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Frutic. Prof."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/6\/1990\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:06:55Z","timestamp":1760173615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/6\/1990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["app10061990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10061990","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]]}}}