{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T18:07:34Z","timestamp":1777313254605,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under grant agreement n\u00ba810176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under grant agreement n\u00ba810176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phenological models applied to grapevines are valuable tools to assist in the decision of cultural practices related to winegrowers and winemakers. The two-parameter sigmoid phenological model was used to estimate the three main phenological stages of the grapevine development, i.e., budburst, flowering, and veraison. This model was calibrated and validated with phenology data for 51 grapevine varieties distributed in four wine regions in Portugal (Lisboa, Douro, D\u00e3o, and Vinhos Verdes). Meteorological data for the selected sites were also used. Hence, 153 model calibrations (51 varieties \u00d7 3 phenological stages) and corresponding parameter estimations were carried out based on an unprecedented comprehensive and systematized dataset of phenology in Portugal. For each phenological stage, the centroid of the estimated parameters was subsequently used, and three generalized sigmoid models (GSM) were constructed (budburst: d = \u22120.6, e = 8.6; flowering: d = \u22120.6, e = 13.7; veraison: d = \u22120.5, e = 13.2). Centroid parameters show high performance for approximately 90% of the varieties and can thereby be used instead of variety-specific parameters. Overall, the RMSE (root-mean-squared-error) is &lt; 7 days, while the EF (efficiency coefficient) is &gt; 0.5. Additionally, according to other studies, the predictive capacity of the models for budburst remains lower than for flowering or veraison. Furthermore, the F-forcing parameter (thermal accumulation) was evaluated for the Lisboa wine region, where the sample size is larger, and for the varieties with model efficiency equal to or greater than 0.5. A ranking and categorization of the varieties in early, intermediate, and late varieties was subsequently undertaken on the basis of F values. These results can be used to more accurately monitor and predict grapevine phenology during a given season, thus supporting decision making in the Portuguese wine sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T08:27:48Z","timestamp":1590654468000},"page":"3708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Grapevine Phenology in Four Portuguese Wine Regions: Modeling and Predictions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0509-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CoLAB VINES&amp;WINES-National Collaborative Laboratory for the Portuguese Wine Sector, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Viticultura Duriense (ADVID), Edif\u00edcio Centro de Excel\u00eancia da Vinha e do Vinho, R\u00e9gia Douro Park, 5000-033 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Carlos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADVID, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Viticultura Duriense, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Vila Real\u2013R\u00e9gia Douro Park, 5000-033 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Eiras-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, I.P., 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8309-2910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Phenology and ripening of Vitis vinifera L. grape varieties in S\u00e3o Joaquim, southern Brazil: A new South American wine growing region","volume":"37","author":"Gris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cienc. 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T\u00e9cnica"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/11\/3708\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:33:03Z","timestamp":1760175183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/11\/3708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["app10113708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10113708","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]}}}