{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:50:03Z","timestamp":1768690203253,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["810176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["810176"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Budbreak date in grapevine is strictly dependent on temperature, and the correct simulation of its occurrence is of great interest since it may have major consequences on the final yield and quality. In this study, we evaluated the reliability for budbreak simulation of two modeling approaches, the chilling-forcing (CF), which describes the entire dormancy period (endo- and eco-dormancy) and the forcing approach (F), which only describes the eco-dormancy. For this, we selected six phenological models that apply CF and F in different ways, which were tested on budbreak simulation of eight grapevine varieties cultivated at different latitudes in Europe. Although none of the compared models showed a clear supremacy over the others, models based on CF showed a generally higher estimation accuracy than F where fixed starting dates were adopted. In the latter models, the accurate simulation of budbreak was dependent on the selection of the starting date for forcing accumulation that changes according to the latitude, whereas CF models were independent. Indeed, distinct thermal requirements were found for the grapevine varieties cultivated in Northern and Southern Europe. This implies the need to improve modeling of the dormancy period to avoid under- or over-estimations of budbreak date under different environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:49:21Z","timestamp":1591012161000},"page":"3800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Phenological Model Intercomparison for Estimating Grapevine Budbreak Date (Vitis vinifera L.) in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0943-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Leolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, DAGRI, University of Florence, UNIFI, 50144 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2193-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergi","family":"Costafreda-Aumedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, DAGRI, University of Florence, UNIFI, 50144 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"A. Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Menz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PIK, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7487-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Molitor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, LIST, 4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Merante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling\u2014TROPAGS, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2591-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Junk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, LIST, 4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kartschall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PIK, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Destrac-Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, University of Bordeaux, ISVV, F-33882 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9428-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelis","family":"van Leeuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, University of Bordeaux, ISVV, F-33882 Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aureliano","family":"C. Malheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7997-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Eiras-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, INIAV, Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Vitivin\u00edcola Nacional, Quinta da Almo\u00ednha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, INIAV, Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Vitivin\u00edcola Nacional, Quinta da Almo\u00ednha, 2565-191 Dois Portos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5130-124X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Dibari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, DAGRI, University of Florence, UNIFI, 50144 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8968-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, DAGRI, University of Florence, UNIFI, 50144 Florence, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8356-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Moriondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioeconomy, National Research Council, CNR-IBE, 50019 Florence, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mullins, M.G., Bouquet, A., and Williams, L.E. 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