{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T08:30:02Z","timestamp":1770539402856,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) can partially replace cement in concrete to improve certain properties. However, some concerns regarding its performance have been raised. This research aimed at investigating the properties of concrete with GGBS, with special focus on its frost scaling and chloride ingress resistance. Concretes with different amounts of GGBS, different efficiency factors, and different air contents have been tested. The effects of other factors, namely the curing temperature, the use of superplasticizer and carbonation, have also been investigated. The results showed that the frost resistance generally decreases with the increase of the amount of GGBS. However, this research showed that it is possible to produce frost resistant concrete with up to 50% of GGBS by changing some properties of the mix (such as increasing the air content). The results also showed a significant improvement of the chloride ingress resistance for concrete with high additions of GGBS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1591676379000},"page":"3940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effect of the Addition of GGBS on the Frost Scaling and Chloride Migration Resistance of Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gomes Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3401-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Building Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Lindvall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas Concrete Group, 412 96 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"SIS (2001). 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[Ph.D. Thesis, Lund University, Lund Institute of Technology, Division of Building Materials]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Copuro\u011flu, O. (2006). The Characterisation, Improvement and Modelling Aspect of Frost Salt Scaling of Cement-Based Materials with a High. Slag Content. [Ph.D. Thesis, Delft Technical University]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"L\u00f6fgren, I., Lindvall, A., and Esping, O. (2016). Best\u00e4ndighet Hos Anl\u00e4ggningskonstruktioner; Etapp II-Funktionella Materialkrav, Betong Med Flygaska Eller GGBS Best\u00e4ndighetsegenskaper (delprojekt 1c) (Durability of civil Engineering Structures; Part. II-Performance Based Material Requirements. Concrete with Fly Ash or GGBS Durability (Project 1c)), Final report from project 1c in the project \u201c Effective Concrete structures, performance based material requirements-part 1, inventory\u201d, Thomas Concrete Group."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Helsing, E. (2017). 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Frost Resistance of Concrete-Experience from Long-Term Field Exposure, RISE CBI Concrete Institute."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/11\/3940\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:36:12Z","timestamp":1760175372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/11\/3940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["app10113940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10113940","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]}}}