{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T07:38:37Z","timestamp":1768894717133,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ELARCH","award":["552129-EM-1-2014-1-IT-ERA MUNDUS-EMA21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["552129-EM-1-2014-1-IT-ERA MUNDUS-EMA21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, the importance of implementing energy efficiency (EE) measures is growing significantly worldwide, based on its potential to reduce energy demands and mitigate climate change effects. Paraguay is a developing country with the highest per capita hydroelectric energy generation in the world, but only 18% of local consumption is hydroelectric and 41% of its energy matrix corresponds to oil products. This paper aims to analyse the importance the Country places on EE as a strategy towards sustainable development and to highlight as EE is an effective pathway to mitigate the climate changes and contrast their effects. The authors initially provide an insight into the climate scenarios for Paraguay and underline the effects of the climate changes on the buildings\u2019 comfort. Subsequently, the authors provide, by resourcing a bibliographic review, a description of the Paraguayan sectors of greater energy consumption, its policies and targets set for increasing EE. Besides, the main EE projects developed by other neighbouring South American countries are analysed to show the level of development of each one in the scope of EE and to offer a reference basis of potential virtuous solutions to be adopted in Paraguay. A focus on the building sector is also made to provide a foundation for policy analyses to enhance EE in this sector. As a result of this review, evidence that EE is beginning to take part in Paraguay\u2019s public policies was found, with the leaders becoming aware of its importance. Nevertheless, many concrete results could not be achieved as of yet and overcoming these barriers still involve a great challenge. Regarding the building sector, few advances have been noticed regarding the regulations of buildings\u2019 thermal performance, a reason for which the National objectives set need to be more specific to achieve greater collective awareness to enforce them. Finally, key actions are recommended for Paraguay aiming to improve EE levels to face the climate change phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1591676379000},"page":"3979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Energy Efficiency Policies to Face Buildings\u2019 Climate Change Effects in Paraguay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Silvero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO, Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO, Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0151-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Montelpare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geology and Engineering Department, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 42-65127 Pescara, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vicente, J. (2014). Eficiencia Energetica Parte 1: Antecedentes Historicos, Espacio mas abierto."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Towards Sustainable Development. Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ruiz, A. (2001). Cuarto Di\u00e1logo Parlamentario Europa-Am\u00e9rica Latina Para El Desarrollo Sustentable Del Sector Energ\u00e9tico, LC\/l. 1677, Naciones Unidas, Comisi\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica para Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4215(96)00017-1","article-title":"What Is Energy Efficiency? Concepts, Indicators and Methodological Issues","volume":"24","author":"Patterson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esd.2010.07.007","article-title":"Opinion: An Energy Policy Approach to Climate Change","volume":"14","author":"Bazilian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Corporacion Andina de Fomento (CAF) (2013). Energ\u00eda: Una Visi\u00f3n Sobre Los Retos y Oportunidades En America Latina y El Caribe, Corporacion Andina de Fomento (CAF). Available online: http:\/\/scioteca.caf.com\/handle\/123456789\/605."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lutz, W. (2001). Reformas Del Sector Energ\u00e9tico, Desaf\u00edos Regulatorios y Desarrollo Sustentable En Europa y Am\u00e9rica Latina, LC\/L.1563-., Naciones Unidas, Comisi\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica para Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(03)00122-8","article-title":"Policies for Advancing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Use in Brazil","volume":"32","author":"Geller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Honty, G., Lobato, V., and Mattos, J. (2005). Energia 2025-Escenarios Energeticos Para El Mercosur, Coscoroba Ediciones."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Secretary of the Environment of Paraguay (SEAM), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and Global Environment Facility (GEF) (2017). Tercera Comunicaci\u00f3n Nacional de Paraguay a La Convenci\u00f3n Marco de Las Naciones Unidas Sobre El Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, SEAM\/PNUD\/FMAM."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [ECLAC] (2014). La Econom\u00eda Del Cambio Clim\u00e1tico En El Paraguay (Climate Change Economy in Paraguay), United Nations."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Secretary of the Environment of Paraguay (SEAM) (2011). Segunda Comunicaci\u00f3n Nacional Cambio Clim\u00e1tico Paraguay (Second National Communication on Climate Change Paraguay), SEAM."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Centro para el desarrollo de la investigaci\u00f3n cientifica [CEDIC], and Investigacion para el desarrollo [ID] (2016). Evaluaci\u00f3n de La Vulnerabilidad y La Capacidad Para Enfrentar a Los Desaf\u00edos y Oportunidades Del Cambio Clim\u00e1tico En Paraguay\u2014Escenario RCP 8.5 (Assessment of Vulnerability and Capacity to Face the Challenges and Opportunities of Climate Change in Paraguay). Conacyt. Prociencia., 41."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s12273-019-0532-6","article-title":"Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Buildings in Paraguay\u2014Overheating Risk under Different Future Climate Scenarios","volume":"12","author":"Silvero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Simul."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Creative, P. (2007). Cambio Clim\u00e1tico: Riesgos, Vulnerabilidad y Desafio de Adaptaci\u00f3n En El Paraguay (Climate Change: Risks, Vulnerability and Adaptation Challenges for Paraguay), Mercurio."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.01.008","article-title":"A Proposed Method to Assess the Damage Risk of Future Climate Change to Museum Objects in Historic Buildings","volume":"55","author":"Huijbregts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2005.06.019","article-title":"Climate Change Impacts on Building Heating and Cooling Energy Demand in Switzerland","volume":"37","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"111","article-title":"Climate Change Consequences for the Indoor Environment in The Netherlands","volume":"102","author":"Aries","year":"2010","journal-title":"Effect of Climate Change on Built Heritage, Proceedings of the WTA-Colloquium, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 11\u201312 March 2010"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Aebischer, B., Catenazzi, G., and Jakob, M. (2007, January 4\u20139). Impact of Climate Change on Thermal Comfort, Heating and Cooling Energy Demand in Europe. Proceedings of the ECEEE 2007 Summer Study-Saving Energy, La Colle sur Loup, France."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kramer, B. (2011). The Impact of Climate Change on the Indoor Climate of Monumental Buildings, University of Technology Eindhoven."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Fundaci\u00f3n para el An\u00e1lisis y los Estudios Sociales (FAES) (2018). Claves de \u00c9xito de La Transici\u00f3n Energ\u00e9tica. Papeles FAES No. 208 (7-03-2018), FAES."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.02.001","article-title":"Generation and Assessment of Local Climatic Data from Numerical Meteorological Codes for Calibration of Building Energy Models","volume":"188\u2013189","author":"Silvero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amarilla, R., Buzarquis, E., Domaniczky, J., Baran, B., and Blanco, G. (2015, January 11\u201313). Analysis of the Energy Sector of Paraguay. Energy Balance in Terms of Useful Energy in 2011. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 35th Central American and Panama Convention (CONCAPAN XXXV), Tegucigalpa, Honduras.","DOI":"10.1109\/CONCAPAN.2015.7428486"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Masi, F. (2011). Paraguay: Cuando La Energ\u00eda No Es Igual Al Desarrollo. Obs. Econ\u00f3mico la Red Sudam., 1\u20134."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.013","article-title":"Assessment of Latin American Sustainability","volume":"78","author":"Toumi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.08.002","article-title":"Clean Energy Use and Total-Factor Efficiencies: An International Comparison","volume":"52","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2017.06.002","article-title":"South America Power Integration, Bolivian Electricity Export Potential and Bargaining Power: An OSeMOSYS SAMBA Approach","volume":"17","author":"Balderrama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Strateg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Administracion Nacional de Electricidad (ANDE) (2014). Plan Maestro de Generaci\u00f3n y Transmisi\u00f3n, ANDE."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.06.038","article-title":"Bolivia and Paraguay: A Beacon for Sustainable Electric Mobility?","volume":"51","author":"Sauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Cohenca, D., and Bieber, D. (2012). Prototipo de Vivienda Social Bioclim\u00e1tica. II Jornadas de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenieria del NEA y Paises Lim\u00edtrofes, Universidad Tecnologica Nacional, Facultad Regional Resistencia."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.01.040","article-title":"Does Energy Efficiency Improve Technological Change and Economic Growth in Developing Countries?","volume":"92","author":"Cantore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Lapillone, B. (2016). Monitoreando La Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En Am\u00e9rica Latina, Naciones Unidas, Comisi\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica para Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Cazal, G. (2010, January 7\u20138). Eficiencia Energetica En El Paraguay\u2014Situacion Actual. Proceedings of the III Seminario Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Eficiencia Energetica, Panam\u00e1 City, Panama."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Vice Ministerio de Minas y Energia (VMME) (2012). Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En El Paraguay Condiciones Para El Desarrollo de Una Matriz Energetica Sustentable, Hannover Messe."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Vice Ministerio de Minas y Energia (VMME) (2017). Balance Energetico Nacional 2016, VMME."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Vice Ministerio de Minas y Energia (VMME) (2007). Primera Reuni\u00f3n de Coordinaci\u00f3n Del Proyecto Regional \u201cFortalecimiento de Capacidades Para El Desarrollo Energ\u00e9tico Sostenible\u201d RLA\/0\/029. Breve Descripci\u00f3n Del Sector Energ\u00e9tico En El Paraguay, Vice Ministerio de Minas y Energia (VMME)."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Aguirre, A.M. (2011). Situacion de Energias Renovables En El Paraguay, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Comite Nacional de Eficiencia Energetica (CNEE) (2014). Plan Nacional De Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica De La Rep\u00fablica De Paraguay, Comite Nacional de Eficiencia Energetica (CNEE)."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Comisi\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica para Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) (2013). Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En Am\u00e9rica Latina Y El Caribe: Avances Y Desaf\u00edos Del Ultimo Quinqueno, Naciones Unidas."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Bosco, E.D. (2010). Guia Basica de Eficiencia Energetica, Arquitectura y Movilidad Sustentable. Consumo Eficiente y Responsabilidad Ambiental, Itaipu Binational."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"86","article-title":"Avances de La Eficiencia Energetica En La Republica Del Paraguay","volume":"97","author":"Espinola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mundo Electr."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Cazal, G. (2016). Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En Paraguay Situaci\u00f3n Actual, VII Seminario Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Eficiencia Energetica."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Comunicaciones (MOPC) (2016). Politica Energetica de La Republica Del Paraguay, Presidencia de la Republica del Paraguay."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Pulfer, J.-C. (2005). Diagnostico Del Sector Energetico En El Area Rural De Paraguay, Canad\u00e1 y Universidad de Calgary."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Paraguay Green Building Council (PYGBC) (2016). Normativa Paraguaya en Sostenibilidad: Un Resumen, Revista AC Moderna. Available online: https:\/\/issuu.com\/acmoderna\/docs\/outono_2016_issuu."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Normalizacion y Metrologia (INTN) (2014). Norma Paraguaya55-001-14: Construccion Sostenible. Sitio y Arquitectura Sostenible, Comite Tecnico de Normalizacion CTN 55."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Normalizacion y Metrologia (INTN) (2014). Norma Paraguaya 55-002-14: Construccion Sostenible. Recursos Materiales, Comite Tecnico de Normalizacion CTN 55."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Normalizacion y Metrologia (INTN) (2015). Norma Paraguaya 55-003-15: Construccion Sostenible. Eficiencia En El Uso Del Agua, Comite Tecnico de Normalizacion CTN 55."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Normalizacion y Metrologia (INTN) (2016). Norma Paraguaya 55-004-16: Construccion Sostenible, Calidad Ambiental Interior. Comite Tecnico de Normalizacion CTN 55."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Normalizacion y Metrologia (INTN) (2016). Norma Paraguaya 55-005-16: Construccion Sostenible. Energia y Atmosfera, Comite Tecnico de Normalizacion CTN 55."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Paraguay Green Building Council (PYGBC) (2016). Consejo Paraguayo de Construcci\u00f3n Sostenible Cumple Solo 4 A\u00f1os. Magazine Paraguay Green Building Council, Paraguay Green Building Council (PYGBC)."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2016). Informe Nacional de Monitoreo de La Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica de La Rep\u00fablica Del Paraguay, 2016, Naciones Unidas, Comision Economica para America Latina y el Caribe."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2010.10.037","article-title":"Total-Factor Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Vice Ministerio de Minas y Energia (VMME) (2017, June 14). Video presentaci\u00f3n de la Pol\u00edtica Energ\u00e9tica del Paraguay. Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Comunicaciones, Vice Ministerio de Minas y Energia, Available online: https:\/\/www.ssme.gov.py\/vmme\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1810:video-de-presentacion-de-la-politica-energetica-del-paraguay&catid=96:sample-news&Itemid=552."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2015.08.001","article-title":"Political-Institutional Barriers to Energy Efficiency","volume":"8","author":"Benhaddadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Strateg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Organizacion Latinoamericana de Energia (OLADE) (2017, October 26). Sistema de Informaci\u00f3n Energ\u00e9tica de Latinoam\u00e9rica y El Caribe. Available online: http:\/\/sier.olade.org\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Arce, E. (2017, August 21). Paraguay tambi\u00e9n con crisis energ\u00e9tica. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/america_latina\/2010\/02\/100208_1318_paraguay_energia_gz."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Canese, R. (2011). La Recuperacion de La Soberania Hidroelectrica Del Paraguay. En El Marco de Politicas de Estado de Energia, CINERGIAS, El ombligo del mundo. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, V. (2015). Avala\u00e7\u00e3o Termoenergetica Preliminar de Edifica\u00e7\u00f5es Verticais Em Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, Capital Da Republica Do Paraguai, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Vice Ministerio de Minas y Energia (VMME) (2019, February 05). Balance Energetico Nacional 2017, Available online: https:\/\/www.ssme.gov.py\/vmme\/pdf\/balance2017\/BEN2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Direcci\u00f3n de An\u00e1lisis y Estrategia de Energ\u00eda (DAEE) (2016). Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En Paraguay: Identificaci\u00f3n de Oportunidades, CAF."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2014). Alternativas Para Mejorar La Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En Viviendas, OmniScriptum GmH & Co."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Serra, E. (2008). Nota T\u00e9cnica de Energ\u00eda Para Paraguay, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Administracion Nacional de Electricidad (ANDE) (2017). Pliego de Tarifas No 21\u2014Decreto N\u00b0 6904 Poder Ejecutivo de La Nacion, Administracion Nacional de Electricidad (ANDE)."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Figueredo, F., and D\u00e1valos, M. (2014). Auditoria Energ\u00e9tica y Propuestas de Implementaci\u00f3n de Medidas Correctivas Para La Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica: Caso Hotel Los Alpes, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.10.028","article-title":"The Path towards Buildings Energy Efficiency in South American Countries","volume":"44","author":"Silvero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"K\u00f6lling, F. (2009). Cross-Section Evaluation of Independent Evaluations in 2007 in the Thematic Priority Area Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency, Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Secretaria de Energia del Ministerio de Planificacion Federal de la Republica Argentina (2014). Informe Nacional de Monitoreo de La Eficiencia Energetica de La Republica Argentina, Naciones Unidas\u2014Comisi\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica para Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL)."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Carpio, C., Coviello, M., Horta Nogueira, L.A., Pe\u00f1a, J., Gamarra, A., and Santana, B. (2009). Situaci\u00f3n y Perspectivas de La Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En Am\u00e9rica Latina y El Caribe, Naciones Unidas\u2014Comision Economica para America Latina y el Caribe."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Subsecretar\u00eda de Ahorro y Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica de Argentina (2018). Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En El Sector Productivo\u2014Resultados 2017. 2a Jornada Nacional de Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica, Ministerio de Energia y Mineria."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Programa Nacional de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de El\u00e9trica (2017). Relat\u00f3rio de Resultados do Procel 2017-ano Base 2016, PROCEL and ELETROBRAS."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica del Gobierno del Brasil (EPE) (2015). Informe Nacional de Monitoreo de La Eficiencia Energetica Del Brasil, Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica del Gobierno del Brasil (EPE)."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Mello, E. (2013). Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En Edificios En Brasil, Departamento de Proyectos de Eficiencia Energetica, Procel Edifica\/Eletrobras."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Agencia Chilena de Eficiencia Energetica (2017). Eficiencia Energetica\u2014Reporte Anual 2016 y Retos 2017, Ministerio de Energia."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Mena, C. (2012). Proyecto de Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica Uruguay 2005-2011, MIEM\u2013DNE."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2015). Plan Nacional de Eficiencia Energetica 2015\u20132024, Ministerio de Industria y Mineria (MIEM)."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Energ\u00eda de Uruguay (2017). Certificados de Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica (CEE)\u2014Resultados de la Convocatoria 2017, MIEM."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Energ\u00eda de Uruguay (2017). L\u00ednea de Asistencia para Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica (LAEE)\u2014Resultados de la segunda convocatoria, MIEM."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.10.005","article-title":"Regional Policies toward Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources Integration: Results of a Wide Monitoring Campaign","volume":"36","author":"Aste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esd.2010.04.003","article-title":"Lessons for Low-Carbon Energy Transition: Experience from the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)","volume":"14","author":"Parthan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-008-9036-4","article-title":"Global Energy Efficiency Governance in the Context of Climate Politics","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Zanoni, G. (2005). Sistemas Pasivos de Refrigeracion Aplicables a Viviendas Unifamiliares Urbanas En Climas Sub-Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Cohenca, D., and Robledo, R. (2009, January 28\u201330). Estudio de Alternativas Para Mejorar La Eficiencia Energ\u00e9tica En Viviendas Unifamiliares Economicas. Caso: Departamento de Central. Proceedings of the V Encuentro Nacional y III Encuentro Latino-Americano sobre Edificaciones y Comunidades Sustentables, Recife, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0973-0826(08)60446-9","article-title":"Thermally Comfortable Passive Houses for Tropical Uplands","volume":"6","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0973-0826(08)60300-2","article-title":"Thermal Comfort in Proposed Three-Storey Passive Houses for Warm Humid Climates","volume":"6","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0973-0826(08)60345-2","article-title":"Roof Orientation, Roofing Materials and Roof Surface Colour: Their Influence on Indoor Thermal Comfort in Warm Humid Climates","volume":"7","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2016.08.015","article-title":"The Use of Reflective Materials as a Strategy for Urban Cooling in an Arid \u201cOASIS\u201d City","volume":"27","author":"Alchapar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.03.025","article-title":"Characterization of Different Heat Mitigation Strategies in Landscape to Fight against Heat Island and Improve Thermal Comfort in Hot-Humid Climate (Part I): Measurement and Modelling","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.03.025","article-title":"Characterization of Different Heat Mitigation Strategies in Landscape to Fight against Heat Island and Improve Thermal Comfort in Hot-Humid Climate (Part II): Evaluation and Characterization","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Miranda, H., and Calcena, N. (2016). Potencial de Eficiencia Energetica En El Consumo de Electricidad En El Sector Residencial de La Republica Del Paraguay. Aranduka, 1\u20138."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-012-9190-6","article-title":"Specifying Residential Retrofit Packages for 30 % Reductions in Energy Consumption in Hot-Humid Climate Zones","volume":"6","author":"Burgett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-016-9504-1","article-title":"Suitable Thermal Insulation Solutions for Mediterranean Climatic Conditions: A Case Study for Four Greek Cities","volume":"10","author":"Anastaselos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-009-9041-2","article-title":"Reducing Energy Use in the Buildings Sector: Measures, Costs, and Examples","volume":"2","author":"Harvey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, T., and Sabbatella, I. (2020). Energy (and Climate) Challenges in South America: What Planning for What Transition. The Regulation and Policy of Latin American Energy, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819521-5.00004-8"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Partnership on Energy Transition (2017). Energy Transition\u2014Orientation paper, Urban Agenda for the EU."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Associaci\u00f3 Pacte Industrial de la Regi\u00f3 Metropolitana de Barcelona (2016). Guia de Iniciativas Locales Hacia La Transicion Energetica En Los Poligonos Industriales, Associaci\u00f3 Pacte Industrial de la Regi\u00f3 Metropolitana de Barcelona. Cuaderno 1."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2015). Making a Success of the Energy Transition, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy [BMWi]."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-009-9044-z","article-title":"Opportunities to Change Development Pathways toward Lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Energy Efficiency","volume":"2","author":"Sathaye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esd.2012.10.004","article-title":"Coherence in Energy Efficiency Governance","volume":"16","author":"Delina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esd.2015.10.002","article-title":"Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries: Roles for Sector Regulators","volume":"29","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1515\/rtuect-2016-0004","article-title":"Climate Change and Buildings Energy Efficiency\u2014The Key Role of Residents","volume":"17","author":"Miezis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Clim. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Minx, J., Brunner, S., and Agrawala, S. (2014). Technical Summary. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Lucon, O., U\u0308rge-Vorsatz, D., Zain Ahmed, A., Akbari, H., Bertoldi, P., Cabeza, L.F., Eyre, N., Gadgil, A., Harvey, L.D.D., and Jiang, Y. (2014). Buildings. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassaghi, H., and Hoque, S. (2019). Energy: Performance, Responses and Uncertainties. Buildings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings9070166"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.07.059","article-title":"Technical and Economical Design of PV System and Hydrogen Storage Including a Sodium Hypochlorite Plant in a Small Community: Case of Study of Paraguay","volume":"45","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/11\/3979\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:36:46Z","timestamp":1760175406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/11\/3979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["app10113979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10113979","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]}}}