{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T06:45:59Z","timestamp":1768977959084,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last few decades, there has been a strong trend towards integrating renewable-based distributed generation systems into the power grid, and advanced management strategies have been developed in order to provide a reliable, resilient, economic, and sustainable operation. Moreover, demand response (DR) programs, by taking the advantage of flexible loads\u2019 energy reduction capabilities, have presented as a promising solution considering reliability issues. Therefore, the impacts of combined system architecture with on-site photovoltaic (PV) generation units and residential demand reduction strategies were taken into consideration on distribution system reliability indices in this study. The load model of this study was created by using load data of the distribution feeder provided by Bosphorus Electric Distribution Corporation (BEDAS). Additionally, the reliability parameters of the feeder components were determined based on these provided data. The calculated load point and feeder side indicators were analyzed comprehensively from technical and economic perspectives. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed structure, four case studies were carried out in both DigSILENT PowerFactory and MATLAB environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T10:18:00Z","timestamp":1602497880000},"page":"7062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of On-Site PV Generation and Residential Demand Response on Distribution System Reliability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1085-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0131tk\u0131","family":"G\u00fcner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Arel University, Tepekent-Buyukcekmece, 34537 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Ay\u015fe K\u00fcbra","family":"Ereno\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electric-Electronics, Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9451-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130brahim","family":"\u015eeng\u00f6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Izmir Katip \u00c7elebi University, \u00c7i\u011fli, 35620 Izmir, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Ozan","family":"Erdin\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electric-Electronics, Yildiz Technical University Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. S.","family":"Catal\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto and INESC TEC, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.02.008","article-title":"Classification and trend analysis of threats origins to the security of power systems","volume":"50","author":"Bompard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2361486","article-title":"A Review of Architectures and Concepts for Intelligence in Future Electric Energy Systems","volume":"62","author":"Strasser","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, June 14). European Commission: Renewable Energy. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/energy\/en\/topics\/renewable-energy."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, October 01). 2030 Climate & Energy Framework. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/policies\/strategies\/2030_en."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, October 02). Renewable Energy Prospects: China. IRENA, Remap 2030. Available online: https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2014\/Nov\/IRENA_REmap_China_summary_2014_EN.ashx?la=en&hash=807F1019E27CA5C3D36FBA445EC48F150D58A6B5."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, T.H., Kwon, H.-G., Lee, H.C., Rhee, C.-H., Yoon, Y.T., and Park, J.-K. (2011). Development of reliability based Demand response program in Korea. ISGT.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT.2011.5759150"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2020, October 02). US Energy Information Administration\u2014Electric Utility Demand Side Management Archive, Available online: https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/electricity\/data\/eia861\/dsm\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Wang, L., and Li, B. (2017, January 14\u201317). An optimized demand response strategy for electric water heaters and the associated impact on power system operational reliability. Proceedings of the 2017 International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Wuxi, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISC2.2017.8090815"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaspar, C., and Gomes, A. (2016, January 7\u201310). A contribution of demand response for the reliability of a power system. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2016.7555806"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74371","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988620","article-title":"Short-term reliability assessment of generating systems considering demand response reliability","volume":"8","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M.F., Shafie-Khah, M., Os\u00f3rio, G.J., Hajibandeh, N., and Catal\u00e3o, J.P.S. (2017, January 6\u20139). Optimal demand response scheme for power systems including renewable energy resources considering system reliability and air pollution. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2017.7977698"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel, L., Wu, Q., and Wang, P. (2007, January 24\u201328). Reliability enhancement and nodal price volatility reduction of restructured power systems with Stochastic demand side load shift. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2007.385602"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M., Amelin, M., Shayesteh, E., and Hilber, P. (2018, January 19\u201322). Impacts of flexible demand on the reliability of power systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT.2018.8403357"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Bie, Z., Hua, B., and Wang, X. (2012, January 4\u20137). Reliability evaluation of distribution systems including micro-grids considering demand response and energy storage. Proceedings of the 2012 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/UPEC.2012.6398560"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, P., Chen, Z., Yang, H., Wen, L., Liu, Y., Hu, B., Ma, Y., Xia, Y., Xiao, R., and Li, B. (2016, January 16\u201320). Reliability evaluation of grid-connected micro-grid considering demand response. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PMAPS.2016.7764105"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abogaleela, M., and Kopsidas, K. (2016, January 27\u201329). Reliability enhancements from demand response considering interrupted energy assessment rates. Proceedings of the 2016 Eighteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEPCON.2016.7836911"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60171","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2911628","article-title":"An assessment procedure of distribution network reliability considering photovoltaic power integration","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106830","article-title":"Reliability of power systems with climate change impacts on hierarchical levels of PV systems","volume":"190","author":"Altamimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2019.1676","article-title":"Reliability evaluation of distribution transformers considering the negative and positive effects of rooftop photovoltaics","volume":"14","author":"Hamzeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"100624","article-title":"Reliability evaluation of stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic energy system for rural healthcare centre","volume":"37","author":"Raghuwanshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8438","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2947807","article-title":"Distribution System Restoration With Renewable Resources for Reliability Improvement Under System Uncertainties","volume":"67","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, S., and Lo, K.L. (2012, January 4\u20137). Reliability assessment of power system considering the impact of wind energy. Proceedings of the 2012 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/UPEC.2012.6398666"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, C., Xiang, G., and Junwei, Y. (November, January 30). Study on reliability assessment of composite generation and transmission system integrated wind farm. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/PowerCon.2012.6401359"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Manandhar, S. (2013). Reliability Assessment of Smart Distribution System and Analysis of Automatic Line Switches. [Master\u2019s Thesis, The University of Tennessee]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2020, October 02). Distribution System Reliability Evaluation Services. Available online: https:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/bitstream\/10603\/10247\/9\/09_chapter%204.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohagheghi, S., Yang, F., and Falahati, B. (2011, January 24\u201328). Impact of demand response on distribution system reliability. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Detroit, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2011.6039365"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billinton, R., Allan, R.N., and Snaith, E.R. (1996). Book Review of \u2018Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems\u2019, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1860-4"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billinton, R., and Allan, R.N. (1988). Reliability Assessment of Large Electric Power Systems, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1689-3"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2005.848724","article-title":"Distribution System Reliability Assessment Due to Lightning Storms","volume":"20","author":"Balijepalli","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Brown, R.E. (2009). Reliability Metrices and Indices. Electric Power Distribution Reliability, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020, June 12). National Renewable Energy Laboratory\u2014Measurement and Instrumentation Data Center, Available online: https:\/\/midcdmz.nrel.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-1481(94)00057-D","article-title":"Study of hourly solar radiation data in Istanbul","volume":"6","author":"Topcu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/er.920","article-title":"Generation of typical solar radiation data for Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"27","author":"Bulut","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paterakis, N.G., Santos, S.F., Catal\u00e3o, J.P.S., Erdin\u00e7, O., and Bakirtzis, A.G. (2014, January 12\u201315). Coordination of smart-household activities for the efficient operation of intelligent distribution systems. Proceedings of the IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT) European 2014 Conference, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2014.7028977"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/20\/7062\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:19:29Z","timestamp":1760177969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/20\/7062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["app10207062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10207062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]}}}