{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:23:10Z","timestamp":1761718990460,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review deals with the various aspects involved in the medicinal action of curcumin, from the photosensitivity and its relevance to storage and shelf-life, to the different routes of administration, which influence the bioavailability. The focus of the review is on the antitumor properties of curcumin and the currently available solutions for their amelioration. The work starts by presenting a brief historical perspective on the origins and uses of curcumin, from early days until the present time. The following sections describe the physico-chemical properties of curcumin and their impact on the biological activity and pharmacokinetics, raising awareness to the need for formulations able to improve the bioavailability. The last section is focused on research efforts being made to circumvent curcumin\u2019s instability and low availability due to the extensive hepatic first pass metabolism, describing innovative scientific advances and new patented formulations and emerging products on the market.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app10248990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T22:12:06Z","timestamp":1608156726000},"page":"8990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Curcumin Innovative Delivery Forms: Paving the \u2018Yellow Brick Road\u2019 of Antitumoral Phytotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Magda","family":"Carvalho Henriques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Amparo F.","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4460-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Santos Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Curcuma Longa and Curcumin. Rom","volume":"55","author":"Akram","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(96)02024-9","article-title":"Stability of curcumin in buffer solutions and characterization of its degradation products","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12047","article-title":"Curcumin and Liver Disease: From Chemistry to Medicine","volume":"13","author":"Nabavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.09.024","article-title":"Integrated approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other Indian system of medicines","volume":"103","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"unstructured":"de Orta, G. (1563). Col\u00f3quios Dos Simples, E Drogas E Coisas Medicinais Da India E Assim de Algumas Frutas Achadas Nela Onde Se Tratam Algumas Coisas Tocantes a Medicina Pr\u00e1tica, E Outras Coisas Boas Para Saber, Ioannes de Endem.","key":"ref_5"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398009527278","article-title":"Turmeric\u2014chemistry, technology, and quality","volume":"12","author":"Govindarajan","year":"1980","journal-title":"CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benzie, I.F.F., and Wachtel-Galor, S. (2011). Turmeric, the Golden Spice: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.1201\/b10787"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.80075","article-title":"The Biosynthetic Pathway of Curcuminoid in Turmeric (Curcuma longa) as Revealed by13C-Labeled Precursors","volume":"72","author":"Kita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Curcumin: The Indian Solid Gold","volume":"Volume 595","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.33.1725","article-title":"Natural antioxidants. III. Antioxidative components isolated from rhizome of Curcuma longa L.","volume":"33","author":"Toda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.59.1609","article-title":"Antioxidative Activity of Tetrahydrocurcuminoids","volume":"59","author":"Osawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"unstructured":"FDA (2020, December 15). Inventory of GRAS Notices, Number 460. Curcuminoids Purified from Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), Available online: https:\/\/www.cfsanappsexternal.fda.gov\/scripts\/fdcc\/?set=GRASNotices&id=460&sort=GRN_No&order=DESC&startrow=1&type=basic&search=460.","key":"ref_12"},{"unstructured":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2020, November 16). Turmeric and curcumin (WHO Food Additives Series 6). Available online: http:\/\/www.inchem.org\/documents\/jecfa\/jecmono\/v06je29.htm.","key":"ref_13"},{"unstructured":"(2020, March 24). Anna\u2019s Tuin & Ruigte. Available online: http:\/\/annastuinenruigte.nl\/.","key":"ref_14"},{"unstructured":"(2020, November 16). The State of the Curcumin Market. Available online: http:\/\/www.naturalproductsinsider.com\/articles\/2015\/12\/the-state-of-the-curcumin-market.aspx.","key":"ref_15"},{"unstructured":"(2020, November 16). Curcumin Market. Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Application (Pharmaceutical, Food, Cosmetics), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Central & South America, Middle East & Africa), And Segment Forecasts, 2020\u20132027. Available online: http:\/\/www.grandviewresearch.com\/industry-analysis\/turmeric-extract-curcumin-market.","key":"ref_16"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"289","article-title":"Examen Chimique de La Racine de Curcuma","volume":"1","author":"Pelletier","year":"1815","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"609","article-title":"Ueber Curcumin, den Farbstoff der Curcumawurzel","volume":"3","author":"Daube","year":"1870","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.191304602149","article-title":"Studien \u00dcber Curcumin. Berichte der Dtsch","volume":"46","author":"Lampe","year":"1913","journal-title":"Chem. Gesellschaft"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20091","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191220091","article-title":"The Chemistry of Curcumin: From Extraction to Therapeutic Agent","volume":"19","author":"Priyadarsini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-457X.6515","article-title":"Production, solubility and antioxidant activity of curcumin nanosuspension","volume":"35","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-8453.59514","article-title":"Biopharmaceutics classification system","volume":"1","author":"Chavda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-7452-4","article-title":"Curcumin: From ancient medicine to current clinical trials","volume":"65","author":"Hatcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(03)00342-1","article-title":"Determination of acidity constants of curcumin in aqueous solution and apparent rate constant of its decomposition","volume":"60","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part. A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05037.x","article-title":"spectral and photochemical properties of curcumin","volume":"59","author":"Chignell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2009.05.001","article-title":"Photophysics, photochemistry and photobiology of curcumin: Studies from organic solutions, bio-mimetics and living cells","volume":"10","author":"Priyadarsini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1080\/01483918808067200","article-title":"High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Curcuminoids and Their Photo-oxidative Decomposition Compounds in Curcuma Longa L.","volume":"11","author":"Khurana","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01041928","article-title":"Studies on Curcumin and Curcuminoids VIII. Photochemical Stability of Curcumin","volume":"183","author":"Karlsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch."},{"unstructured":"De Jager, P. (2010). Turmeric: The Ayurvedic Spice of Life, Pioneer imprints. [2nd ed.].","key":"ref_29"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.04.004","article-title":"Curcumin, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitophagy: Exploring recent data and indicating future needs","volume":"34","author":"Jardim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-3032-8","article-title":"Curcumin Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Study","volume":"50","author":"Holt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1352.010","article-title":"Curcumin: Getting Back to the Roots","volume":"1056","author":"Shishodia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(94)90183-X","article-title":"Diminution of singlet oxygen-induced DNA damage by curcmin and related antioxidants","volume":"311","author":"Subramanian","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0773.2003.920106.x","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation of Curcumin Enhances Antioxidant and Phase II Metabolizing Enzymes in ddY Male Mice: Possible Role in Protection against Chemical Carcinogenesis and Toxicity","volume":"92","author":"Iqbal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(96)00032-4","article-title":"Curcumin, an antioxidant and anti-tumor promoter, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells","volume":"1317","author":"Kuo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03258.x","article-title":"Curcuminoids as Potent Inhibitors of Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"46","author":"Sreejayan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(01)00456-6","article-title":"Curcumin, a natural product present in turmeric, decreases tumor growth but does not behave as an anticachectic compound in a rat model","volume":"167","author":"Busquets","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.09.041","article-title":"Chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of curcumin","volume":"223","author":"Duvoix","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.120.14.1","article-title":"Consumption of the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin by cancer patients: Assessment of curcumin levels in the colorectum and their pharmacodynamic consequences","volume":"14","author":"Garcea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidem. Biomarkers Prev."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentham Science Publisher Tzeng-Horng Leu, and Bentham Science Publisher Ming-Chei Maa (2002). The Molecular Mechanisms for the Antitumorigenic Effect of Curcumin. Curr. Med. Chem. Agents, 2, 357\u2013370.","key":"ref_40","DOI":"10.2174\/1568011024606370"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1039\/c1np00051a","article-title":"Multitargeting by Curcumin as Revealed by Molecular Interaction Studies","volume":"28","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-009-9128-x","article-title":"Curcumin and Cancer Cells: How Many Ways Can Curry Kill Tumor Cells Selectively?","volume":"11","author":"Ravindran","year":"2009","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1769","article-title":"Curcumin: Preventive and Therapeutic Properties in Laboratory Studies and Clinical Trials","volume":"10","author":"Strimpakos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1089\/107555303321223035","article-title":"Safety and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin: A Component of Tumeric (Curcuma longa)","volume":"9","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2749","article-title":"Biological and therapeutic activities, and anticancer properties of curcumin","volume":"10","author":"Perrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"651","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-inflammatory property of curcumin (diferuloyl methane) in patients with postoperative inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Satoskar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2015.03.001","article-title":"Curcumin, a golden spice with a low bioavailability","volume":"5","author":"Siviero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4639","article-title":"A Randomized, Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Chandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03767.x","article-title":"Drug-induced suppression of phosphorylase kinase activity correlates with resolution of psoriasis as assessed by clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters","volume":"143","author":"Heng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.08.008","article-title":"Curcumin Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis: Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"4","author":"Hanai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E66","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21710","article-title":"Curcumin for clinical and endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"17","author":"Lahiff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509992510","article-title":"Curcumin Suppresses p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation, Reduces IL-1beta and Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 and Enhances IL-10 in the Mucosa of Children and Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"103","author":"Epstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2004.10.1015","article-title":"Turmeric Extract May Improve Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptomology in Otherwise Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Bundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200009)14:6<443::AID-PTR619>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Role of curcumin in idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumours","volume":"14","author":"Lal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(199906)13:4<318::AID-PTR445>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Efficacy of Curcumin in the Management of Chronic Anterior Uveitis","volume":"13","author":"Lal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itokawa, H., Shi, Q., Akiyama, T., Morris-Natschke, S.L., and Lee, K.-H. (2008). Recent advances in the investigation of curcuminoids. Chin. Med., 3.","key":"ref_56","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-3-11"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"117","article-title":"Studies on spice principles as antioxidants in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes","volume":"111","author":"Reddy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2032","article-title":"A Review of Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin","volume":"19","author":"Noorafshan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e318196c3e7","article-title":"Induction of Antioxidant Enzymes by Curcumin and Its Analogues in Human Islets","volume":"38","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pivari, F., Mingione, A., Brasacchio, C., and Soldati, L. (2019). Curcumin and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients, 11.","key":"ref_60","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081837"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatcher, H.C., Torti, F.M., and Torti, S.V. (2012). Curcumin, Oxidative Stress, and Cancer Therapy. Oxidative Stress in Cancer Biology and Therapy, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","key":"ref_61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-397-4_12"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/030089168707300105","article-title":"Turmeric and Curcumin as Topical Agents in Cancer Therapy","volume":"73","author":"Kuttan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tumori J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0098","article-title":"Phase IIa Clinical Trial of Curcumin for the Prevention of Colorectal Neoplasia","volume":"4","author":"Carroll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.03.020","article-title":"Combination Treatment With Curcumin and Quercetin of Adenomas in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis","volume":"4","author":"Shoskes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/07357907.2010.550592","article-title":"Upregulation of p53 Expression in Patients with Colorectal Cancer by Administration of Curcumin","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21147","article-title":"Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"70","author":"Ide","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1159\/000441148","article-title":"The New Combination Docetaxel, Prednisone and Curcumin in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Pilot Phase II Study","volume":"90","author":"Mahammedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, R.J., Williams, M.M.A., Sharma, H., Chaudry, A., and Bellamy, P. (2013). A double-blind, placebo RCT evaluating the effect of a polyphenol-rich whole food supplement on PSA progression in men with prostate cancer: The U.K. National Cancer Research Network (NCRN) Pomi-T study. J. Clin. Oncol., 31.","key":"ref_68","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.5008"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"320","article-title":"A Pilot Clinical Trial of Radioprotective Effects of Curcumin Supplementation in Patients with Prostate Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Taleban","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Sci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2016.1115527","article-title":"Effect of Curcumin Supplementation During Radiotherapy on Oxidative Status of Patients with Prostate Cancer: A Double Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"68","author":"Hejazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.9.1.10392","article-title":"Phase I dose escalation trial of docetaxel plus curcumin in patients with advanced and metastatic breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-017-3957-4","article-title":"Oral curcumin for radiation dermatitis: A URCC NCORP study of 686 breast cancer patients","volume":"26","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0024","article-title":"Phase II Trial of Curcumin in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Dhillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-010-1470-2","article-title":"A phase I\/II study of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus curcumin for patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer","volume":"68","author":"Kanai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13017","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-016-5183-y","article-title":"Molecular targets of curcumin for cancer therapy: An updated review","volume":"37","author":"Devi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2011.05648.x","article-title":"Discovery of curcumin, a component of golden spice, and its miraculous biological activities","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2174\/156652306775515501","article-title":"Targeting Transcription Factors for Cancer Gene Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Libermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1997","article-title":"Antitumor effects of curcumin on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of human colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 cells","volume":"44","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S110873","article-title":"Curcumin prevents muscle damage by regulating NF-kB and Nrf2 pathways and improves performance: An in vivo model","volume":"9","author":"Juturu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Curcumin Downregulates NF-kB and Related Genes in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Results of a Phase I\/II Study","volume":"110","author":"Weber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.suppl_2.ii40","article-title":"Functions of AP1 (Fos\/Jun) in bone development","volume":"61","author":"Wagner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.07.013","article-title":"Role of chemopreventive agents in cancer therapy","volume":"215","author":"Dorai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1656049","article-title":"The dietary pigment curcumin reduces endothelial tissue factor gene expression by inhibiting binding of AP-1 to the DNA and activation of NF-kappa B","volume":"77","author":"Bierhaus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"337","article-title":"Curcumin Suppresses Activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 Induced by Phorbol Ester in Cultured Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6707","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606003200","article-title":"Curcumin Suppresses AP1 Transcription Factor-dependent Differentiation and Activates Apoptosis in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes","volume":"282","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"825","article-title":"Curcumin down-regulates AR gene expression and activation in prostate cancer cell lines","volume":"21","author":"Nakamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-009-0152-3","article-title":"Chemopreventive potential of curcumin in prostate cancer","volume":"5","author":"Teiten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, A., Kumar, R., Tyagi, A., Kohaar, I., Hedau, S., Bharti, A.C., Sarker, S., Dey, D., Saluja, D., and Das, B. (2015). Curcumin modulates cellular AP-1, NF-kB, and HPV16 E6 proteins in oral cancer. Ecancermedicalscience, 9.","key":"ref_88","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2015.525"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-051113-024537","article-title":"The JAK-STAT Pathway: Impact on Human Disease and Therapeutic Intervention","volume":"66","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.-L., Liu, Y., Ma, Y.-G., Xue, Y.-X., Liu, D.-G., Ren, Y., Liu, X.-B., Li, Y., and Li, Z. (2012). Curcumin Blocks Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Migration, Invasion, Angiogenesis, Cell Cycle and Neoplasia through Janus Kinase-STAT3 Signalling Pathway. PLoS ONE, 7.","key":"ref_90","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037960"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5288","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0874","article-title":"JAK-STAT Blockade Inhibits Tumor Initiation and Clonogenic Recovery of Prostate Cancer Stem-like Cells","volume":"73","author":"Kroon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5781","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-0446","article-title":"Dietary Curcumin Attenuates Glioma Growth in a Syngeneic Mouse Model by Inhibition of the JAK1,2\/STAT3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"16","author":"Weissenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.07.029","article-title":"Curcumin regulates signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) expression in K562 cells","volume":"72","author":"Blasius","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22558","article-title":"Curcumin suppresses constitutive activation of STAT-3 by up-regulating protein inhibitor of activated STAT-3 (PIAS-3) in ovarian and endometrial cancer cells","volume":"110","author":"Saydmohammed","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)00557-1","article-title":"Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane) Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Mediated Adhesion of Monocytes to Endothelial Cells by Suppression of Cell Surface Expression of Adhesion Molecules and of Nuclear Factor-kappaB Activation","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.006","article-title":"Up-regulation of aldose reductase expression mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/Akt and Nrf2 is involved in the protective effect of curcumin against oxidative damage","volume":"43","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nuclear Factor","volume":"Volume 103","author":"Kahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Dictionary of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.7.3863","article-title":"Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane) Inhibits Constitutive and IL-6-Inducible STAT3 Phosphorylation in Human Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"171","author":"Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"572","article-title":"Effect of curcumin on STAT5 signaling pathway in primary CML cells","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"151","article-title":"Effect of curcumin on STAT5 signaling molecule in K562 cells","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8414","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205947","article-title":"Beta-Catenin-Mediated Transactivation and Cell-Cell Adhesion Pathways Are Important in Curcumin (Diferuylmethane)-Induced Growth Arrest and Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"21","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.04.013","article-title":"The inhibitory mechanism of curcumin and its derivative against \u03b2-catenin\/Tcf signaling","volume":"579","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(99)00148-6","article-title":"Suppression of Transcription Factor Egr-1 by Curcumin","volume":"97","author":"Pendurthi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209019","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by suppressing gene expression of epidermal growth factor receptor through reducing the activity of the transcription factor Egr-1","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits hypoxia-induced angiogenesis via down-regulation of HIF-1","volume":"15","author":"Bae","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21904","article-title":"Retracted: Notch-1 down-regulation by curcumin is associated with the inhibition of cell growth and the induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700532","article-title":"The interruption of the PDGF and EGF signaling pathways by curcumin stimulates gene expression of PPAR\u03b3 in rat activated hepatic stellate cell in vitro","volume":"87","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10405","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.14.10405","article-title":"Curcuminoids Inhibit the Angiogenic Response Stimulated by Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, Including Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase Gelatinase B","volume":"275","author":"Mohan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000191635.00744.b6","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor\u2013Stimulated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Function and Injury-Induced Neointima Formation","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC3701_6","article-title":"Genistein and Curcumin Block TGF-\u03b21-Induced u-PA Expression and Migratory and Invasive Phenotype in Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes","volume":"37","author":"Santibanez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00713.x","article-title":"Curcumin blocks multiple sites of the TGF-\u03b2 signaling cascade in renal cells","volume":"66","author":"Gaedeke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1159\/000287230","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Activity via Inhibition of Smad Signaling in HK-2 Cells","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.07.044","article-title":"Curcumin suppresses TGF-\u03b2 signaling by inhibition of TGIF degradation in scleroderma fibroblasts","volume":"411","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2016.01.006","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits Metastasis in Human Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma BCPAP Cells via down-Regulation of the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad2\/3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"341","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"641","article-title":"Curcumin suppresses breast tumor angiogenesis by abrogating osteopontin-induced VEGF expression","volume":"1","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.2003","article-title":"Anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic effects of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin on implanted hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice","volume":"14","author":"Yoysungnoen","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"A02","article-title":"Abstract A02: Effect of curcumin on the tumor growth and angiogenesis of breast cancer","volume":"75","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumor-Assoc. Blood Vessels Lymph."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.03.009","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of different cancers through interaction with multiple cell signaling proteins","volume":"269","author":"Kunnumakkara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"unstructured":"Aggarwal, B.B., Bhatt, I.D., and Ichikawa, H. (2006). Curcumin-Biological and Medicinal Properties. Tumeric: The Genus Curcuma, CRC Press.","key":"ref_119"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24995","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.42.24995","article-title":"Activation of Transcription Factor NF-kappaB Is Suppressed by Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane)","volume":"270","author":"Aggarwal","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"469","article-title":"Curcumin Attenuates the Expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-Alpha as Well as Cyclin E in TNF-Alpha-Treated HaCaT Cells; NF-kappaB and MAPKs as Potential Upstream Targets","volume":"19","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2004.04.004","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits mitogen stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, NF\u03baB activation, and IL-2 signaling","volume":"121","author":"Ranjan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)00220-7","article-title":"Curcumin inhibition of Dermatophagoides farinea-induced interleukin-5 (IL-5) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production by lymphocytes from bronchial asthmatics","volume":"54","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2007.00089.x","article-title":"Curcumin modulation of IFN-\u03b2 and IL-12 signalling and cytokine induction in human T cells","volume":"11","author":"Fahey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.02.020","article-title":"UVB-Induced IL-18 Production in Human Keratinocyte Cell Line NCTC 2544 through NF-\u03baB Activation","volume":"37","author":"Antonicelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgg107","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits phorbol ester-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse skin through suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity and NF- B activation","volume":"24","author":"Chun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2006.11.006","article-title":"Curcumin, a Curcuma longa constituent, acts on MAPK p38 pathway modulating COX-2 and iNOS expression in chronic experimental colitis","volume":"7","author":"Villegas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"813","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of curcumin on in vitro lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase activities in mouse epidermis","volume":"51","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-4257","article-title":"Curcumin Potentiates Antitumor Activity of Gemcitabine in an Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer through Suppression of Proliferation, Angiogenesis, and Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-\u03baB\u2013Regulated Gene Products","volume":"67","author":"Kunnumakkara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-3072","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis in Ovarian Carcinoma by Targeting the Nuclear Factor- B Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.07.174","article-title":"Curcumin suppresses phorbol ester-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by inhibiting the PKC to MAPK signaling pathways in human astroglioma cells","volume":"335","author":"Woo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201941","article-title":"Inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway by curcumin","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"G235","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates DNB-induced murine colitis","volume":"285","author":"Salh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-006-3392-3","article-title":"Curcumin induces apoptosis via inhibition of PI3\u2032-kinase\/AKT pathway in Acute T cell Leukemias","volume":"11","author":"Hussain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0387","article-title":"Curcumin Suppresses Proliferation of Colon Cancer Cells by Targeting CDK2","volume":"7","author":"Surh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2001.5381","article-title":"Curcumin Induces Apoptosis in Human Melanoma Cells through a Fas Receptor\/Caspase-8 Pathway Independent of p53","volume":"271","author":"Bush","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/23.1.143","article-title":"Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-8, BID cleavage and cytochrome c release: Its suppression by ectopic expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl","volume":"23","author":"Anto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.06.031","article-title":"DNA damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated curcumin-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human lung carcinoma A-549 cells through the activation caspases cascade- and mitochondrial-dependent pathway","volume":"272","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-014-3769-2","article-title":"Curcumin induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway and caspases activation in human melanoma cells","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4395","article-title":"Curcumin induces p53-independent necrosis in H1299 cells via a mitochondria-associated pathway","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.04.043","article-title":"Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane) Inhibits Constitutive NF-\u03baB Activation, Induces G1\/S Arrest, Suppresses Proliferation, and Induces Apoptosis in Mantle Cell Lymphoma","volume":"70","author":"Shishodia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20059","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M410670200","article-title":"Curcumin Selectively Induces Apoptosis in Deregulated Cyclin D1-expressed Cells at G2Phase of Cell Cycle in a p53-dependent Manner","volume":"280","author":"Choudhuri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.6.23.4951","article-title":"Linkage of Curcumin-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21\/WAF1\/CIP1","volume":"6","author":"Srivastava","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-007-9421-4","article-title":"Curcumin induces G2\/M cell cycle arrest in a p53-dependent manner and upregulates ING4 expression in human glioma","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"905","article-title":"Involvement of Bcl-2 family members, phosphatidylinositol 3\u2019-kinase\/AKT and mitochondrial p53 in curcumin (diferulolylmethane)-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer","volume":"30","author":"Shankar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-006-9000-8","article-title":"The paradox of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cancer","volume":"25","author":"Dinarello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7908","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203286","article-title":"The role of cyclooxygenases in inflammation, cancer, and development","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01487-8","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Tat Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Monocytes through Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-Mediated Activation of Nuclear Transcription Factor NF-kappaB","volume":"462","author":"Kumar","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02673865","article-title":"Cyclin\/cdk complexes: Their involvement in cell cycle progression and mitotic division","volume":"216","author":"John","year":"2001","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"1894","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.660","article-title":"Innovative Preparation of Curcumin for Improved Oral Bioavailability","volume":"34","author":"Sasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6847","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0744","article-title":"Phase I Clinical Trial of Oral Curcumin: Biomarkers of Systemic Activity and Compliance","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"2895","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lao, C.D., Ruffin, M.T., Normolle, D.P., Heath, D.D., I Murray, S., Bailey, J.M., Boggs, M.E., Crowell, J., Rock, C.L., and Brenner, D.E. (2006). Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 6.","key":"ref_154","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-6-10"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1021\/mp700113r","article-title":"Bioavailability of Curcumin: Problems and Promises","volume":"4","author":"Anand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46401-5_20","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin","volume":"595","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957450","article-title":"Influence of Piperine on the Pharmacokinetics of Curcumin in Animals and Human Volunteers","volume":"64","author":"Shoba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(00)00868-7","article-title":"Occurrence of orally administered curcuminoid as glucuronide and glucuronide\/sulfate conjugates in rat plasma","volume":"67","author":"Asai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(00)00489-5","article-title":"Comparative studies on the suppression of nitric oxide synthase by curcumin and its hydrogenated metabolites through down-regulation of IkappaB kinase and NFkappaB activation in macrophages","volume":"60","author":"Pan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1058","article-title":"Characterization of metabolites of the chemopreventive agent curcumin in human and rat hepatocytes and in the rat in vivo, and evaluation of their ability to inhibit phorbol ester-induced prostaglandin E2 production","volume":"61","author":"Ireson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)98193-5","article-title":"Turmeric (Currumin) in Billiary Diseases","volume":"229","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"1937","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.03.010","article-title":"Oral bioavailability of curcumin in rat and the herbal analysis from Curcuma longa by LC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"853","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"486","article-title":"Biotransformation of curcumin through reduction and glucuronidation in mice","volume":"27","author":"Pan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"unstructured":"Antony, B. (2006). A Composition to Enhance the Bioavailability of Curcumin. (2006129323 A1), World Patent.","key":"ref_164"},{"unstructured":"Giori, A., and Franceschi, F. (2007). Phospholipid Complexes of Curcumin Having Improved Bioavailability. (2007101551), World Patent.","key":"ref_165"},{"unstructured":"Badmaev, V., Majeed, M., and Rajendran, R. (1997). Bioprotectant Composition, Method of Use and Extraction Process of Curcuminoids. (1997003674 A1), World Patent.","key":"ref_166"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"24","article-title":"Bioavailability of a Sustained Release Formulation of Curcumin","volume":"13","author":"Madhavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Med. (Encinitas, Calif.)"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509345250","article-title":"Attenuation of proteolysis and muscle wasting by curcumin c3 complex in MAC16 colon tumour-bearing mice","volume":"102","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"unstructured":"Anthony, B. (2005). Composition to Enhance the Bioavailability of Curcumin. (7879373 B2), U.S. Patent.","key":"ref_169"},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"431","article-title":"Phytosome: New cosmetic delivery system","volume":"130","author":"Bombardelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Boll. Chim. Farm."},{"unstructured":"(2020, November 17). Phytosome Technical Paper. Available online: https:\/\/www.indena.com\/indena_files\/2020\/01\/wp_phytosome_int.pdf.","key":"ref_171"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-006-0355-x","article-title":"Comparison of systemic availability of curcumin with that of curcumin formulated with phosphatidylcholine","volume":"60","author":"Marczylo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"55","article-title":"Product-evaluation registry of Meriva\u00ae, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, for the complementary management of osteoarthritis","volume":"52","author":"Belcaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Panminerva Med."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"337","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Meriva\u00ae, a curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex, during extended administration in osteoarthritis patients","volume":"15","author":"Belcaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev. A J. Clin. Ther."},{"unstructured":"(2020, November 17). Liposomal Curcumin\u201416 Fluid Ounces. Available online: http:\/\/www.healthyitems.com\/curcumin-p\/607.htm.","key":"ref_175"},{"unstructured":"(2020, November 17). Amy Myers MD\u2014Liposomal Curcumin. Available online: https:\/\/store.amymyersmd.com\/products\/liposomal-curcumin.","key":"ref_176"},{"unstructured":"(2020, November 17). Actinovo Liposomal Curcumin (Turmeric, Curcuminoids). Available online: https:\/\/www.actinovo.com\/en\/liposomal-curcumin-turmeric.","key":"ref_177"},{"unstructured":"(2020, November 17). Valimenta Liposomal Curcumin. Available online: https:\/\/www.valimenta.com\/product\/liposomal-curcumin\/.","key":"ref_178"},{"unstructured":"(2020, December 05). Cavacurmin\u00ae: Highly Bioavailable Curcumin. Available online: https:\/\/www.wacker.com\/cms\/en\/industries\/food\/curcumin.jsp.","key":"ref_179"},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"258","article-title":"Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism","volume":"232","author":"Atal","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2011.570332","article-title":"The effects of black pepper on the intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism of drugs","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"unstructured":"Zhai, G., and Zhang, L. (2011). Self-Micro-Emulsion Colon Site-Specific Delivery Capsule Comprises Curcumin, Oil Phase, Surfactant, Cosurfactant, and Folic Acid Grease Material. (CN102266287), Chinese Patent.","key":"ref_182"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2016.06.016","article-title":"Freeze-dried eudragit-hyaluronan multicompartment liposomes to improve the intestinal bioavailability of curcumin","volume":"107","author":"Ravaghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"unstructured":"Mathur, A.B., Rios, C.N., Gupta, V., and Aseh, A. (2010). Preparation and Methodology of Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles. (WO2010059963 A2), World Patent.","key":"ref_184"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5953","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-1272","article-title":"Curcumin Treatment Suppresses IKK Kinase Activity of Salivary Cells of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Pilot Study","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"unstructured":"Kurzrock, R., Li, L., Mehta, K., and Aggarawal, B.B. (2006). Liposomal Curcumin for the Treatment of Cancer. (20060067998 A1), U.S. Patent.","key":"ref_186"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurzrock, R., and Li, L. (2005). Liposome-encapsulated curcumin: In vitro and in vivo effects on proliferation, apoptosis, signaling, and angiogenesis. J. Clin. Oncol., 23.","key":"ref_187","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.4091"},{"unstructured":"(2019, November 13). Clinicaltrials.Gov: A Phase IB Dose Escalation Study of Lipocurc in Patients With Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02138955.","key":"ref_188"},{"unstructured":"Helson, L., and Chiu, S. (2011). Intravenous Curcumin and Derivatives for Treatment of Neurodegenerative and Stress Disorders. (20110229555 A1), U.S. Patent.","key":"ref_189"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisht, S., Feldmann, G., Soni, S., Ravi, R., Karikar, C., Maitra, A., and Maitra, A. (2007). Polymeric nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin (\u201cnanocurcumin\u201d): A novel strategy for human cancer therapy. J. Nanobiotechnol., 5.","key":"ref_190","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-5-3"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-10-0172","article-title":"Systemic Administration of Polymeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Curcumin (NanoCurc) Blocks Tumor Growth and Metastases in Preclinical Models of Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Bisht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_192","first-page":"907","article-title":"Differential distribution of intravenous curcumin formulations in the rat brain","volume":"31","author":"Chiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1039\/c0nr00758g","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded biodegradable polymeric micelles for colon cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Gou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Li, Z., Wang, N., Li, L., Song, L., He, T., Sun, L., Wang, Z., Wu, Q., and Luo, N. (2015). Curcumin-Encapsulated Polymeric Micelles Suppress the Development of Colon Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Sci. Rep., 5.","key":"ref_194","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10322"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-4362","article-title":"Injectable Sustained Release Microparticles of Curcumin: A New Concept for Cancer Chemoprevention","volume":"70","author":"Shahani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"unstructured":"Ranjan, A.P., Mukerjee, A., and Vishwanatha, J.K. (2010). Solid in Oil\/Water Emulsion-Diffusion Evaporation Formulation for Preparing Curcumin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles. (20100290982 A1), U.S. Patent.","key":"ref_196"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2005.05.009","article-title":"Drug nanocrystals of poorly soluble drugs produced by high pressure homogenisation","volume":"62","author":"Keck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2010.520353","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of intravenously injectable curcumin nanosuspension","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.05.087","article-title":"Inhalable curcumin formulations: Micronization and bioassay","volume":"279","author":"Kurniawansyah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140798","article-title":"Inhalable Curcumin: Offering the Potential for Translation to Imaging and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"44","author":"McClure","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topical Delivery of Curcuma longa Extract Loaded Nanosized Ethosomes to Combat Facial Wrinkles Research Article","volume":"3","author":"Saraf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Drug Deliv. Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589209514174","article-title":"Chemopreventive effect of turmeric against stomach and skin tumors induced by chemical carcinogens in Swiss mice","volume":"17","author":"Azuine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/15.10.2363","article-title":"Effect of curcumin on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate- and ultraviolet B light-induced expression of c-Jun and c-Fos in JB6 cells and in mouse epidermis","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1159\/000246276","article-title":"Enhancing Effect of Ultraviolet A on Ornithine Decarboxylase Induction and Dermatitis Evoked by 12-o-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate and Its Inhibition by Curcumin in Mouse Skin","volume":"193","author":"Ishizaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC441_9","article-title":"Comparative Potencies of Nutraceuticals in Chemically Induced Skin Tumor Prevention","volume":"44","author":"Simon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811400711","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumor Growth In Vivo","volume":"145","author":"Phillips","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00222-9","article-title":"Ethosomes\u2014novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: Characterization and skin penetration properties","volume":"65","author":"Touitou","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowther, O., Chua, D., Eppley, W., Meyer, B., Salomon, M., Driedger, A., and Morgan, M. (2011). Lithium-Air Cell Protective Membranes Comprising Polytetrafluroethylene Coated Fiberglass Cloth. (2011\/0177401 A1), U.S. Patent.","key":"ref_208","DOI":"10.1149\/MA2011-01\/9\/420"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.06.052","article-title":"Selection of high efficient transdermal lipid vesicle for curcumin skin delivery","volume":"454","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2006.05.014","article-title":"Microemulsions as transdermal drug delivery vehicles","volume":"123\u2012126","author":"Kogan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"113","article-title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Curcumin Invasomes","volume":"6","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.08.018","article-title":"Terpene microemulsions for transdermal curcumin delivery: Effects of terpenes and cosurfactants","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1039\/C5BM00433K","article-title":"Retracted Article: The next generation cell-penetrating peptide and carbon dot conjugated nano-liposome for transdermal delivery of curcumin","volume":"4","author":"Patra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1039\/C1NR11271F","article-title":"Curcumin loaded chitin nanogels for skin cancer treatment via the transdermal route","volume":"4","author":"Mangalathillam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2174\/13852728113176660141","article-title":"Silver Based Materials for Biomedical Applications","volume":"18","author":"Nedelcu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Chem."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco-Molina, M.A., Mendoza-Gamboa, E., Sierra-Rivera, C.A., Gomez-Flores, R., Zapata-Benavides, P., Castillo-Tello, P., Alcocer-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.M., Miranda-Hern\u00e1ndez, D.F., Tamez-Guerra, R.S., and Rodr\u00edguez-Padilla, C. (2010). Antitumor activity of colloidal silver on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 29.","key":"ref_216","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-29-148"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S11727","article-title":"Antitumor activity of silver nanoparticles in Dalton\u2019s lymphoma ascites tumor model","volume":"5","author":"Sangiliyandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1134\/S1607672908040078","article-title":"Effect of silver oxide nanoparticles on tumor growth in vivo","volume":"421","author":"Rutberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dokl. Biochem. Biophys."},{"unstructured":"Lilienfeld, S., and Dimauro, T.M. (2009). Iontophoretic Delivery of Curcumin and Curcumin Analogs for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. (2009158407 A1), World Patent.","key":"ref_219"},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"59","article-title":"Liposomal Curcuminoids for Transdermal Delivery: Iontophoresis Potential for Breast Cancer Chemotherapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2015.09.001","article-title":"Metal complexes of curcumin and curcumin derivatives for molecular imaging and anticancer therapy","volume":"307","author":"Schubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Co-Ord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05036.x","article-title":"photocytotoxicity of curcumin","volume":"59","author":"Dahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00414437","article-title":"Photokilling of bacteria by the natural dye curcumin","volume":"151","author":"Dahl","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"3363","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy Potentiates the Effects of Curcumin on Pediatric Epithelial Liver Tumor Cells","volume":"36","author":"Ellerkamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7702","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc33576j","article-title":"Remarkable photocytotoxicity of curcumin in HeLa cells in visible light and arresting its degradation on oxovanadium(iv) complex formation","volume":"48","author":"Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.12.014","article-title":"Demethoxycurcumin induces autophagic and apoptotic responses on breast cancer cells in photodynamic therapy","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2012.1661","article-title":"Combination treatment with photodynamic therapy and curcumin induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in AMC-HN3 cells","volume":"41","author":"Ahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70921-2","article-title":"Making of water soluble curcumin to potentiate conventional antimicrobials by inducing apoptosis-like phenomena among drug-resistant bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21501","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219772","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Curcumin Derivatives with Water-Soluble Groups as Potential Antitumor Agents: An in Vitro Investigation Using Tumor Cell Lines","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.12.057","article-title":"Design, Development and Synthesis of Mixed Bioconjugates of Piperic Acid-Glycine, Curcumin-Glycine\/alanine and Curcumin-Glycine-Piperic Acid and Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties","volume":"13","author":"Mishra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02896166","article-title":"Preparation of curcumin prodrugs and their in vitro anti-tumor activities","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16021888","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Succinate Prodrugs of Curcuminoids for Colon Cancer Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Wichitnithad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1021\/bc0000482","article-title":"Syntheses of Curcumin Bioconjugates and Study of Their Antibacterial Activities against beta-Lactamase-Producing Microorganisms","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_234","first-page":"2582","article-title":"Design, Synthesis and Characterisation of a Novel Anticancer Prodrug Having Antiproliferative Activity against Prostrate Tumour","volume":"44","author":"Mishra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Chem. Sect. B Org. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.10.67","article-title":"Amphiphilic Curcumin Conjugate-Forming Nanoparticles as Anticancer Prodrug and Drug Carriers: In Vitro and in Vivo Effects","volume":"5","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2014.11.002","article-title":"Tuning the architecture of polymeric conjugate to mediate intracellular delivery of pleiotropic curcumin","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.12.025","article-title":"Acetal-linked polymeric prodrug micelles for enhanced curcumin delivery","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.01.025","article-title":"Direct chemical grafted curcumin on halloysite nanotubes as dual-responsive prodrug for pharmacological applications","volume":"140","author":"Massaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1504","article-title":"Biological properties of metal complexes of curcumin","volume":"45","author":"Shakeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4986","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00088B","article-title":"Metal complexes of curcumin\u2014synthetic strategies, structures and medicinal applications","volume":"44","author":"Wanninger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2015.1041042","article-title":"Curcumin\u2013Zn(II) complex for enhanced solubility and stability: An approach for improved delivery and pharmacodynamic effects","volume":"21","author":"Sareen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1039\/c2md00261b","article-title":"DNA binding and cytotoxicity of fluorescent curcumin-based Zn(ii) complexes","volume":"3","author":"Pucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9679","DOI":"10.1039\/c3dt50513h","article-title":"Improving the bioactivity of Zn(ii)-curcumin based complexes","volume":"42","author":"Pucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13036","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ01159B","article-title":"A novel study on curcumin metal complexes: Solubility improvement, bioactivity, and trial burn wound treatment in rats","volume":"44","author":"Hieu","year":"2020","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1002\/zaac.19976230806","article-title":"Metallkomplexe von Farbstoffen. VIII \u00dcbergangsmetallkomplexe des Curcumins und Seiner Derivate","volume":"623","author":"Polborn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Anorg. und Allg. Chemie"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.10.061","article-title":"A curcumin-based TPA four-branched copper(II) complex probe for in vivo early tumor detection","volume":"46","author":"Pi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2010.09.049","article-title":"Interaction of curcumin with Zn(II) and Cu(II) ions based on experiment and theoretical calculation","volume":"984","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1021\/jm801276a","article-title":"Synthesis, Oxidant Properties, and Antitumoral Effects of a Heteroleptic Palladium(II) Complex of Curcumin on Human Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"52","author":"Valentini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2004.09.011","article-title":"Complementary inhibition of synoviocyte, smooth muscle cell or mouse lymphoma cell proliferation by a vanadyl curcumin complex compared to curcumin alone","volume":"98","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2014.06.006","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of new biologically active palladium(II) complexes with (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione","volume":"46","author":"Liptaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1021\/om500317b","article-title":"Ruthenium(II)\u2013Arene RAPTA Type Complexes Containing Curcumin and Bisdemethoxycurcumin Display Potent and Selective Anticancer Activity","volume":"33","author":"Pettinari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Organometallics"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1021\/jm200912j","article-title":"Ruthenium-arene Complexes of Curcumin: X-Ray and Density Functional Theory Structure, Synthesis, and Spectroscopic Characterization, in Vitro Antitumor Activity, and DNA Docking Studies of (p-Cymene)Ru(curcuminato)chloro","volume":"55","author":"Caruso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2016.06.002","article-title":"The in vitro antitumor activity of arene-ruthenium(II) curcuminoid complexes improves when decreasing curcumin polarity","volume":"162","author":"Caruso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_254","first-page":"2393","article-title":"A ruthenium(II)-trithiacyclononane curcuminate complex: Synthesis, characterization, DNA-interaction, and cytotoxic activity","volume":"70","author":"Henriques","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Co-Ord. Chem."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9454","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT01040E","article-title":"Bifunctional ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes of curcumin as potential anticancer agents","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S55943","article-title":"Multifunctional materials for bone cancer treatment","volume":"9","author":"Ficai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.01.018","article-title":"Curcumin may impair iron status when fed to mice for six months","volume":"2","author":"Chin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/24\/8990\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:00Z","timestamp":1760179560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/24\/8990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"references-count":257,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["app10248990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10248990","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]}}}