{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T19:47:28Z","timestamp":1769456848458,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work involves the design optimization of metal\u2013ceramic through the thickness of functionally graded material (FGM) plates subjected to thermomechanical loadings. Constrained optimization was performed for minimum mass and minimum material cost of the FGM plates. The design process of FGM plate structures requires a good choice of metal and ceramic materials and the adequate definition of the components volume fractions through the thickness direction in order to accomplish a certain structural behavior, while optimizing the material costs and\/or the plate mass. Here, the optimization problems are solved with the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, not requiring the calculation of the derivatives of the objective or constraint functions. Constrained single objective optimization cases are studied, and validated with alternative solutions, considering the p-index and the FGM plate thickness as design variables. New optimization cases, involving additionally the metal and ceramic materials as design variables, are presented both for benchmark purposes and to demonstrate the suitability of the SA algorithm to solve those optimization problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11020729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T11:52:32Z","timestamp":1610538752000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Optimization of Metal\u2013Ceramic Functionally Graded Plates Using the Simulated Annealing Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5159-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Franco Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior N\u00e1utica Infante D. Henrique, Av. Eng. Bonneville Franco, 2770-058 Pa\u00e7o de Arcos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 S.","family":"Moita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC\u2014ISE-Universidade do Algarve, Campus da Penha, 8000 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9287-3519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Moleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC\u2014Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o M. Mota","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC\u2014Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.09.001","article-title":"A critical review of recent research on functionally graded plates","volume":"96","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2014.09.070","article-title":"Stress, vibration and buckling analyses of FGM plates\u2014A state-of-the-art review","volume":"120","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.03.010","article-title":"A review of theories for the modeling and analysis of functionally graded plates and shells","volume":"128","author":"Thai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. 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