{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T18:24:15Z","timestamp":1774895055171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents an integrated thermal-electrical simulation model, capable of taking into account the thermal and electrical effects of the battery and photovoltaic panels for each instant of time in a given orbit and attitude. Using the physical equations that govern the thermal and electrical models involved during a CubeSat operation, the proposed integrated model can estimate the temperature and energy conditions of the battery, not only in an isolated way but also in considering the mutual effects on the system. Besides, special attention is given to photovoltaic panels used in the energy harvesting process, whose performance is affected by irradiance and temperature along the orbit. The integrated model can be useful for engineers when developing the subsystems of their CubeSats, taking into account, for example, the battery temperature control through a heater. Simulations were performed to illustrate the functioning of the proposed model with variations in the power requirements of its modules and the temperature of the battery throughout the orbit, and a heater\u2019s influence on it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T23:43:16Z","timestamp":1612914196000},"page":"1554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Integrated Thermal-Electrical Model for Simulations of Battery Behavior in CubeSats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Vega Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edemar Morsch","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laio Oriel","family":"Seman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Applied Computer Science, University of Vale do Itaja\u00ed, Itaja\u00ed, SC 88302-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2191-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Augusto","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0112-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente de Paulo","family":"Nicolau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2862-3053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal Garc\u00eda","family":"Ovejero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expert Systems and Applications Lab., E.T.S.I.I of B\u00e9jar, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valderi Reis Quietinho","family":"Leithardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA, Research Center for Endogenous Resources Valorization, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CubeSat (2014). 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