{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:54:40Z","timestamp":1765356880273,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV SK-IL-RD-18-000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV SK-IL-RD-18-000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"Vedeck\u00e1 Grantov\u00e1 Agent\u00fara M\u0160VVa\u0160 SR a SAV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0745\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0745\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper develops and investigates a novel set of constrained-output robust controllers with selectable response smoothing degree designed for an integrator-plus-dead-time (IPDT) plant model. The input-output response of the IPDT system is internally approximated by several time-delayed, possibly higher-order plant models of increasing complexity. Since they all contain a single integrator, the presented approach can be considered as a generalization of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). Due to the input\/output model used, the controller commissioning can be based on a simplified process modeling, similar to the one proposed by Ziegler and Nichols. This allows it to be compared with several alternative controllers commonly used in practice. Its main advantage is simplicity, since it uses only two identified process parameters, even when dealing with more complex systems with distributed parameters. The proposed set of controllers with increasing complexity includes the stabilizing proportional (P), proportional-derivative (PD), or proportional-derivative-acceleration (PDA) controllers. These controllers can be complemented by extended state observers (ESO) for the reconstruction of all required state variables and non-measurable input disturbances, which also cover imperfections of a simplified plant modeling. A holistic performance evaluation on a laboratory heat transfer plant shows interesting results from the point of view of the optimal least sensitive solution with smooth input and output.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T22:36:31Z","timestamp":1613169391000},"page":"1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Set of Active Disturbance Rejection Controllers Based on Integrator Plus Dead-Time Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4957-1894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikulas","family":"Huba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Mechatronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4283-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Moura Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC, Department of Engineering, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1167-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavol","family":"Bistak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Mechatronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8110-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damir","family":"Vrancic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Control, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6347-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"\u017d\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automotive Mechatronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zheng, Q., and Gao, Z. 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