{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:03:43Z","timestamp":1760731423598,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GDE 201469\/2014-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDE 201469\/2014-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high volumes of animal manure and sewage sludge, as a consequence of the development of intensive and specialized cattle dairy farms in peri-urban areas, pose challenges to local environmental quality and demands for systems innovation. Besides these negative impacts, energy recovery from biogas produced in anaerobic co-digestion processes should contribute to local sustainable development. This research considers technical data obtained from the optimization of biomethanization processes using sewage sludge and cattle manure liquid fraction, aiming to develop a spatially explicit model including multicriteria evaluation and an analytical hierarchy process to locate biogas production facilities, allocate energy resources and consider biogas unit pre-dimensioning analysis. According to the biophysical conditions and socioeconomic dynamics of the study area (Vila do Conde, Northwest Portugal), a spatially explicit model using multicriteria and multiobjective techniques allowed the definition of suitable locations, as well as the allocation of resources and support pre-dimensioning of biogas facilities. A p-median model allowed us to allocate resources and pre-dimensioning biogas facilities according to distance and accessibility elements. The results indicate: (i) the location of areas with adequate environmental conditions and socioeconomic suitability advantages to install biogas production facilities, and (ii) the ability to compare the options of centralized or distributed location alternatives and associated pre-dimensioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T20:54:08Z","timestamp":1613768048000},"page":"1841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spatially Explicit Model for Anaerobic Co-Digestion Facilities Location and Pre-Dimensioning Considering Spatial Distribution of Resource Supply and Biogas Yield in Northwest Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3312-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata D\u2019arc","family":"Coura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim Mamede","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO.InBIO\u2014Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4082-1762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6004-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2466-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Mouta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3249-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProMetheus\u2014Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1356-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. G.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.05.024","article-title":"Peri-urban transformation in the Jakarta metropolitan area","volume":"49","author":"Winarso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lefebvre, M., Espinosa, G., and Gomez, Y.P.S. (2012). JRC Scientifics and Policy Reports\u2014The Influence of the Common Agricultural Policy on Agricultural Landscape EUR 25459 EN:75, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.026","article-title":"Assessing groundwater pollution hazard changes under different socio-economic and environmental scenarios in an agricultural watershed","volume":"530","author":"Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2006.12.014","article-title":"Managing complex adaptive systems \u2014 A co-evolutionary perspective on natural resource management","volume":"63","author":"Rammel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2018.1459076","article-title":"Environmental impact of biogas: A short review of current knowledge","volume":"53","author":"Paolini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.01.026","article-title":"Community resilience and land degradation in forest and shrubland socio-ecological systems: Evidence from Gorgoglione, Basilicata, Italy","volume":"46","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2015.08.002","article-title":"Sustainable development and the water\u2013energy\u2013food nexus: A perspective on livelihoods","volume":"54","author":"Biggs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.004","article-title":"The globalization of socio-ecological systems: An agenda for scientific research","volume":"16","author":"Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Lima, P., Pinel, S.L., and Conway-G\u00f3mez, K. (2019). Adaptive Governance for Resilience of Peri-Urban Socioecological Systems. Resilient Cities, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-76944-8_4"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1076-0342(2007)13:4(261)","article-title":"Life-Cycle Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for Water Treatment Systems","volume":"13","author":"Racoviceanu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.08.009","article-title":"National and regional land-use conflicts in Germany from the perspective of stakeholders","volume":"49","author":"Siebert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-018-0297-7","article-title":"Status and Opportunities for Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Europe","volume":"10","author":"Scarlat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.06.136","article-title":"Spatial decision support system to evaluate crop residue energy potential by anaerobic digestion","volume":"219","author":"Escalante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.11.026","article-title":"Evaluation of biogas potential from livestock manures and rural wastes using GIS in Iran","volume":"118","author":"Zareei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.05.049","article-title":"The relevance of the design characteristics to the optimal operation of wastewater treatment plants: Energy cost assessment","volume":"222","author":"Torregrossa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.027","article-title":"A stability assessment tool for anaerobic codigestion","volume":"112","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2010.08.449","article-title":"Production of renewable energies and biomolecules from livestock and agro-industrial waste: The BIOMOLENER Project","volume":"150","author":"Bardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.07.037","article-title":"Beyond land application: Emerging technologies for the treatment and reuse of anaerobically digested agricultural and food waste","volume":"44","author":"Sheets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2011.09.004","article-title":"Waste as alternative fuel\u2014Minimising emissions and effluents by advanced design","volume":"90","author":"Fodor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.02.056","article-title":"Renewable energy potential and national policy directions for sustainable development in Morocco","volume":"47","author":"Kousksou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2015.10.001","article-title":"Ecosystem services research in contrasting socio-ecological contexts of Argentina: Critical assessment and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Mastrangelo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2004.12.003","article-title":"Siting analysis of farm-based centralized anaerobic digester systems for distributed generation using GIS","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2009.10.005","article-title":"Multiple criteria facility location problems: A survey","volume":"34","author":"Farahani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.07.005","article-title":"A Geographical Information System (GIS) based methodology for determination of potential biomasses and sites for biogas plants in southern Finland","volume":"113","author":"Lehtonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Alonso, J., Castro, P., Martins, I., Honrado, J., Calafate, M., Gon\u00e7alves, J., and Pratola, C. (2017). Framework for user-oriented quality evaluation routines (D5.3). Ecopotential: Improving Future Ecosystem Benefits Through Earth Observations, European Union. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/participants\/documents\/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5b723633b&appId=PPGMS."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2012.03.002","article-title":"Assuring the quality of volunteered geographic information","volume":"1","author":"Goodchild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spat. Stat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theuerl, S., Herrmann, C., Heiermann, M., Grundmann, P., Landwehr, N., Kreidenweis, U., and Prochnow, A. (2019). The Future Agricultural Biogas Plant in Germany: A Vision. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12030396"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1515\/rmzmag-2016-0016","article-title":"Integrating knowledge-based multi-criteria evaluation techniques with GIS for landfill site selection: A case study using AHP","volume":"63","author":"Fagbohun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Geoenviron."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Coura, R.D. (2019). Biomethanization of Nitrogen Rich Agricultural and Urban Wastewaters: Biological Kinetics and Management Optimization Using Sequencing Batch Reactors. [Ph.D. Thesis, ISA\u2014University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X18773538","article-title":"Landfill siting based on optimisation, multiple decision analysis, and geographic information system analyses","volume":"36","author":"Spigolon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2010.02.006","article-title":"Measuring consensus for collaborative decision-making: A GIS-based approach","volume":"34","author":"Boroushaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thill, J.E. (2019). A Geographic Information Sciences Approach. Spatial Multicriteria Decision Making and Analysis, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429436628"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Malczewski, J. (1999). GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0548(99)00104-5","article-title":"Geographical information systems and location science","volume":"29","author":"Church","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600661508","article-title":"GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis: A survey of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Malczewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plano de ordenamento da Bacia Leiteira Prim\u00e1ria do Entre Douro e Minho","volume":"1","author":"Alonso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Reg. Agric. Entre Douro Minhon"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Silva, S. (2014). Sistema de Apoio \u00e0 Decis\u00e3o Espacial Multicrit\u00e9rio na Localiza\u00e7\u00e3o de Centrais de Biog\u00e1s. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Coimbra]. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2011.08.021","article-title":"Spatially explicit assessment of local biomass availability for distributed biogas production via anaerobic co-digestion\u2014Mediterranean case study","volume":"39","author":"Zubaryeva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.07.014","article-title":"Multicriteria assessment in GIS environments for siting biomass plants","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.06.035","article-title":"Anaerobic digester systems (ADS) for multiple dairy farms: A GIS analysis for optimal site selection","volume":"61","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.12.039","article-title":"Spatial competition for biogas production using insights from retail location models","volume":"68","author":"Bojesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"INE (2011). Censos 2011, Instituto Naciona de Estatistica."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Germany ATV-DYWK GFA (2000). Rules and Standards, Dimensioning of Single Stage Actived Studge Plants; GFA Publishing company."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"CBPA (1997). C\u00f3digo de Boas Praticas Agr\u00edcolas: Para a Prote\u00e7\u00e3o da Agua Contra a Polui\u00e7\u00e3o com Nitratos de Origem Agr\u00edcola, Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura do Desenvolvimento Rural e das Pescas."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"80","article-title":"Gest\u00e3o de efluentes nas explora\u00e7\u00f5es leiteiras do Entre Douro e Minho","volume":"36","author":"Brito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Ci\u00eancias Agrar."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2004.10.001","article-title":"Evaluating livestock manures for biogas production: A GIS based method","volume":"30","author":"Batzias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, R. (2007). Anaerobic digestion: A multi-faceted process for energy, environmental management and rural development. Improvement of Crop Plants for Industrial End Uses, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5486-0_13"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"AQPER (2019, July 27). Association Quebecoise de la Production D\u2019Energie Renouvelable. Available online: https:\/\/www.aqper.com\/en\/biogas."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Rohstoffe, V. (2019). Biogas Basisdaten Deutschland\u2013Stand: Oktober 2008. 7p. Very Short But Comprehensive Overview of the Biogas Situation in Germany, Biogas Zorg. Available online: http:\/\/www.fnr.de\/fileadmin\/allgemein\/pdf\/broschueren\/Broschuere_Basisdaten_Bioenergie_2018_web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Santos, S. (2011). Viabilidad de las explotaciones lecheras es un escenario de desconexi\u00f3n del apoyo y condicionalidade: Un estudio de caso en el noroeste de Portugal. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Politecnica de Madrid]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(00)00046-8","article-title":"Effect of antibiotics on psychrophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure slurry in sequencing batch reactors","volume":"75","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2015.061","article-title":"Degradation of veterinary antibiotics during anaerobic digestion of dairy manure","volume":"10","author":"Kitazono","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Pract. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-016-0037-1","article-title":"Antibiotic Residues in Animal Waste: Occurrence and Degradation in Conventional Agricultural Waste Management Practices","volume":"2","author":"Blaney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Font-Palma, C. (2019). Methods for the Treatment of Cattle Manure\u2014A Review. J. Carbon Res., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/c5020027"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2007.10.008","article-title":"GIS-based approach for defining bioenergy facilities location: A case study in Northern Spain based on marginal delivery costs and resources competition between facilities","volume":"32","author":"Panichelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.05.004","article-title":"An analytic network process approach for locating undesirable facilities: An example from Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"88","author":"Tuzkaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2011.04.013","article-title":"Multi-criteria GIS-based siting of an incineration plant for municipal solid waste","volume":"31","author":"Tavares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-012-9354-8","article-title":"Integrated sustainability assessments: A spatial multicriteria evaluation for siting a waste incinerator plant in the Province of Torino (Italy)","volume":"14","author":"Ferretti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.01.052","article-title":"Optimal siting and size of bioenergy facilities using geographic information system","volume":"94","author":"Sultana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.03.019","article-title":"Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods for the evaluation of solar farms locations: Case study in south-eastern Spain","volume":"24","author":"Sanchezlozano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chau, K.W., Chan, I.Y.S., Lu, W., and Webster, C. (2018). Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6190-5"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.11.060","article-title":"A fuzzy approach to a multiple criteria and Geographical Information System for decision support on suitable locations for biogas plants","volume":"140","author":"Franco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X16628979","article-title":"Anaerobic co-digestion plants for the revaluation of agricultural waste: Sustainable location sites from a GIS analysis","volume":"34","author":"Villamar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindkvist, E., Johansson, M.T., and Rosenqvist, J. (2017). Methodology for Analysing Energy Demand in Biogas Production Plants\u2014A Comparative Study of Two Biogas Plants. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10111822"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.085","article-title":"LCA of anaerobic digestion: Emission allocation for energy and digestate","volume":"235","author":"Timonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.06.065","article-title":"Is renewable energy a cost-effective mitigation resource? An application to the Spanish electricity market","volume":"94","author":"Espinosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Saaty, T. (1991). M\u00e9todo de An\u00e1lise Hier\u00e1rquica, McGraw-Hill Makron Books."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"ESRI (2011). The Language of Spatial Analysis, ESRI."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Church, R., and Medrano, A. (2018). University of California at Santa Barbara Location-allocation Modeling. Geogr. Inf. Sci. Technol. Body Knowl., 2018.","DOI":"10.22224\/gistbok\/2018.3.4"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"ESRI (2019, August 24). Location-Allocation Analysis layer: What Is a Location Allocation?. Available online: https:\/\/desktop.arcgis.com\/en\/arcmap\/latest\/extensions\/network-analyst\/location-allocation.htm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.08.014","article-title":"Effects of multiple factors on plant diversity of forest fragments in intensive farmland of Northern Portugal","volume":"262","author":"Lomba","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Cerqueira, J. (2012). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de bem-estar animal em bovinos de leite na regi\u00e3o Norte de Portugal. [Ph.D. Thesis, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118478","article-title":"Optimization method to construct micro-anaerobic digesters networks for decentralized biowaste treatment in urban and peri-urban areas","volume":"243","author":"Thiriet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J. (2014). Decentralized Biogas Technology of Anaerobic Digestion and Farm Ecosystem: Opportunities and Challenges. Front. Energy Res., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2014.00010"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.04.128","article-title":"Locating bioenergy facilities using a modified GIS-based location\u2013allocation-algorithm: Considering the spatial distribution of resource supply","volume":"154","author":"Comber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Rajabifard, A., and Eagleson, S. (2013). Spatial Enablement from an International Context\u2014A Vision for the North and West Melbourne Corridor. Spatial Data Access and Integration to Support Liveability: A Case Study in North and West Melbourne, Centre for Spatial Data Infrastructures and Land Administration, University of Melbourne. [1st ed.]."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/4\/1841\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:26:24Z","timestamp":1760160384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/4\/1841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["app11041841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11041841","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]}}}