{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T02:50:28Z","timestamp":1771555828999,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EEI-AUT\/32410\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EEI-AUT\/32410\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the last years, several research activities and studies have presented the possibility to perform manufacturing control using distributed approaches. Although these new approaches aim to deliver more flexibility and adaptability to the shop floor, they are not being readily adopted and utilised by the manufacturers. One of the main challenges is the unpredictability of the proposed solutions and the uncertainty associated with these approaches. Hence, the proposed research aims to explore the utilisation of Digital Twins (DTs) to predict and understand the execution of these systems in runtime. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is leading to the emergence of new concepts amongst which DT stand out. Given their early stage, however, the already existing implementations are far from standardised, meaning that each practical case has to be analysed on its own and solutions are often created from scratch. Taking the aforementioned into account, the authors suggest an architecture that enables the integration between a previously designed and developed agent-based distributed control system and its DT, whose implementation is also provided in detail. Furthermore, the digital model\u2019s calibration is described jointly with the careful validation process carried out. Thanks to the latter, several conclusions and guidelines for future implementations were possible to derive as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T05:10:16Z","timestamp":1614748216000},"page":"2202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Application of a Simulation-Based Digital Twin for Predicting Distributed Manufacturing Control System Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7068-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Roque Rolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0874-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Dionisio Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA\u2014Centre of Technology and Systems (CTS), FCT Campus, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Tripa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNINOVA\u2014Centre of Technology and Systems (CTS), FCT Campus, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6348-1847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Barata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"UNINOVA\u2014Centre of Technology and Systems (CTS), FCT Campus, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2019.119790","article-title":"Smart factory performance and Industry 4.0","volume":"150","author":"Cugno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, A., Dwivedi, G., Sharma, A., Beatriz, A., and Sousa, L.D. (2019). International Journal of Production Economics Barriers to the adoption of industry 4.0 technologies in the manufacturing sector: An inter-country comparative perspective. Int. J. Prod. Econ., 107546.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.107546"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-017-0890-x","article-title":"Fourth Industrial Revolution: Technological drivers, impacts and coping methods","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Geograph. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.198","article-title":"A review of the roles of digital twin in cps-based production systems","volume":"11","author":"Negri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2018.05.003","article-title":"Resource virtualization: A core technology for developing cyber-physical production systems","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.06.034","article-title":"A survey: Cyber-physical-social systems and their system-level design methodology","volume":"105","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2018.04.017","article-title":"Cyber-physical systems and their security issues","volume":"100","author":"Alguliyev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2014.03.115","article-title":"Cyber-physical production systems: Roots, expectations and R&D challenges","volume":"17","author":"Monostori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2016.05.006","article-title":"Design, modelling, simulation and integration of cyber physical systems: Methods and applications","volume":"82","author":"Hehenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias-Ferreira, J., Ribeiro, L., Akillioglu, H., Neves, P., and Onori, M. (2016). BIOSOARM: A bio-inspired self-organising architecture for manufacturing cyber-physical shopfloors. J. Intell. Manuf., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-016-1258-2"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2014.12.003","article-title":"Collaborative routing of products using a self-organizing mechatronic agent framework\u2014A simulation study","volume":"68","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leit\u00e3o, P., and Karnouskos, S. (2015). Industrial Agents: Emerging Applications of Software Agents in Industry, Morgan Kaufmann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800341-1.00006-1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2008.09.005","article-title":"Agent-based distributed manufacturing control: A state-of-the-art survey","volume":"22","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Rocha, M.P.D.S.V.P. (2015). Risk of Employing an Evolvable Production System. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Grieves, M. (2014). Digital Twin: Manufacturing Excellence through Virtual Factory Replication, Florida Institute of Technology. White Paper."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474","article-title":"Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification","volume":"51","author":"Kritzinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.03.036","article-title":"Key Performance Indicators in Cyber-Physical Production Systems","volume":"72","author":"Samir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.03.103","article-title":"Digital twin service towards smart manufacturing","volume":"72","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.03.141","article-title":"A reconfigurable modeling approach for digital twin-based manufacturing system","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.305","article-title":"Automated Generation of as-manufactured geometric Representations for Digital Twins using STEP","volume":"84","author":"Haag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2019.103130","article-title":"Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing","volume":"113","author":"Cimino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1331","article-title":"Simulation-based Analysis of the Interaction of a Physical and a Digital Twin in a Cyber-Physical Production System","volume":"13","author":"Kreutz","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.101837","article-title":"Digital Twin-driven smart manufacturing: Connotation, reference model, applications and research issues","volume":"61","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, A.D., Tripa, J., Alemao, D., Peres, R.S., and Barata, J. (2019, January 22\u201325). Agent-based plug and produce cyber-physical production system\u2014Test case. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN41052.2019.8972169"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Xiao, J., Hou, F., Feng, W., and Li, N. (2008, January 8\u201311). Cycle time reduction in assembly and test manufacturing factories: A KPI driven methodology. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6125(03)80009-2","article-title":"A framework for reducing manufacturing throughput time","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/5\/2202\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:31:49Z","timestamp":1760160709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/5\/2202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["app11052202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11052202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]}}}