{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T16:46:01Z","timestamp":1765039561302,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":[". SAICTPAC\/0004\/2015-POCI-01- 0145-FEDER-016434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":[". SAICTPAC\/0004\/2015-POCI-01- 0145-FEDER-016434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The operation of isolated power systems with 100% converter-based generation requires the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) using grid-forming-type power converters. Under these operating conditions, load dynamics influences the network frequency and voltage following large voltage disturbances. In this sense, the inclusion of induction motor (IM) load models is required to be properly considered in BESS power converter sizing. Thus, this paper presents an extensive sensitivity analysis, demonstrating how load modeling affects the BESS power converter capacity when adopting conventional control strategies while aiming to assure the successful recovery of all IM loads following a network fault. Furthermore, this work highlights that generators with converter interfaces can actively contribute to mitigate the negative impacts resulting from IM loads following a network fault. Thereby, two distinct control strategies are proposed to be integrated in the power electronic interfaces of the available converter-based generators: one to be adopted in grid-following converters and another one suitable for grid-forming converters. The proposed control strategies provide an important contribution to consolidating insular grid codes, aiming to achieve operational scenarios accommodating 100% penetration of converter-based generation with a significative percentage of the IM load composition without resorting to a significative increase in BESS power converter sizing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T20:20:43Z","timestamp":1615148443000},"page":"2341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Influence of Load Dynamics on Converter-Dominated Isolated Power Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Technology and Science, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9108-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos L.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Technology and Science, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7638-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Pe\u00e7as Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Technology and Science, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"998","article-title":"Multi-time Scale Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources in Isolated Power Systems","volume":"8","author":"Mayhorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2018.2816588","article-title":"Feasibility Analysis of Centralized Storage Facilities in Isolated Grids","volume":"9","author":"Psarros","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2016.2637122","article-title":"Achieving a 100% Renewable Grid: Operating Electric Power Systems with Extremely High Levels of Variable Re-newable Energy","volume":"15","author":"Kroposki","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2019.2933072","article-title":"Grid-Forming Inverters: Are They the Key for High Renewable Penetration?","volume":"17","author":"Matevosyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2013.2288000","article-title":"Equivalence of Virtual Synchronous Machines and Frequency-Droops for Converter-Based Mi-croGrids","volume":"5","author":"Suul","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5952","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2638810","article-title":"Evaluation of Virtual Synchronous Machines with Dynamic or Quasi-Stationary Machine Models","volume":"64","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2010.2048839","article-title":"Synchronverters: Inverters That Mimic Synchronous Generators","volume":"58","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2016.0557","article-title":"Frequency support characteristics of grid-interactive power converters based on the synchronous power controller","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2012.2231969","article-title":"International Industry Practice on Power System Load Modeling","volume":"28","author":"Milanovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2008.0108","article-title":"Induction motor load impact on power system eigenvalue sensitivity analysis","volume":"3","author":"Mishra","year":"2009","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2700436","article-title":"Load Modeling\u2014A Review","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2006.873130","article-title":"Composite Load Modeling via Measurement Approach","volume":"21","author":"Renmu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2009.2036711","article-title":"A Neural-Network-Based Method of Modeling Electric Arc Furnace Load for Power Engi-neering Study","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2012.2208232","article-title":"Development of physical-based demand response-enabled residential load models","volume":"28","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.106006","article-title":"Aggregated dynamic model of active distribution networks for large voltage disturbances","volume":"178","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2018.2809452","article-title":"Modeling Load Dynamics to Support Resiliency-Based Opera-tions in Low-Inertia Microgrids","volume":"10","author":"Tuffner","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2009.2036360","article-title":"Composite Loads in Stand-Alone Inverter-Based Mi-crogrids\u2014Modeling Procedure and Effects on Load Margin","volume":"25","author":"Diaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2756588","article-title":"Stability Analysis and Parameters Optimization of Islanded Microgrid with Both Ideal and Dynamic Constant Power Loads","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2013.2264790","article-title":"Analysis and Mitigation of Low-Frequency Instabilities in Autonomous Medi-um-Voltage Converter-Based Microgrids with Dynamic Loads","volume":"61","author":"Kahrobaeian","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106607","article-title":"Influence of load dynamic response on the stability of microgrids during islanding transition","volume":"190","author":"Penaloza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2449904","article-title":"Real-Time Dynamic Parameter Estimation for an Exponential Dynamic Load Model","volume":"7","author":"Rouhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"unstructured":"North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) (2021, March 05). A Technical Reference Paper Fault-Induced Delayed Voltage Re-covery. Transmission Issues Subcommittee and System Protection and Control Subcommittee. Available online: http:\/\/www.nerc.com\/docs\/pc\/tis\/FIDVR_Tech_Ref%20V1-2_PC_Approved.pdf.","key":"ref_22"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2009.2022997","article-title":"Optimizing a Battery Energy Storage System for Frequency Control Application in an Isolated Power System","volume":"24","author":"Mercier","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markovic, U., Haberle, V., Shchetinin, D., Hug, G., Callaway, D., and Vrettos, E. (2019, January 9\u201311). Optimal Sizing and Tuning of Storage Capacity for Fast Frequency Control in Low-Inertia Systems. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST), Porto, Portugal.","key":"ref_24","DOI":"10.1109\/SEST.2019.8849022"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2014.2316974","article-title":"Studying the Maximum Instantaneous Non-Synchronous Generation in an Island System\u2014Frequency Stability Challenges in Ireland","volume":"29","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2019.0430","article-title":"Defining connection requirements for autonomous power systems","volume":"14","author":"Beires","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2006.873018","article-title":"Defining Control Strategies for MicroGrids Islanded Operation","volume":"21","author":"Lopes","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"unstructured":"Gkountaras, A. (2016). Modeling Techniques and Control Strategies for Inverter Dominated Microgrids. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e4tsverlag der TU Berlin].","key":"ref_28"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2017.0369","article-title":"The Migrate project: The challenges of operating a transmission grid with only inverter-based generation. A grid-forming control improvement with transient current-limiting control","volume":"12","author":"Denis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.12.028","article-title":"Stability of autonomous power systems with reversible hydro power plants","volume":"158","author":"Beires","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"unstructured":"Maratukulam, D., and Balu, N.J. (1994). Power System Voltage Stability, Palo Alto.","key":"ref_31"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouveia, J., Moreira, C.L., and Lopes, J.P. (2019, January 9\u201311). Grid-Forming Inverters Sizing in Islanded Power Systems\u2014A stability per-spective. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST), Porto, Portugal.","key":"ref_32","DOI":"10.1109\/SEST.2019.8849110"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2007.907589","article-title":"Distributed Undervoltage Load Shedding","volume":"22","author":"Otomega","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"unstructured":"Madeira Island Grid Code (2021, March 05). Decreto Regulamentar Regional n\u00ba 8\/2019\/M, Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma da Madeira. Available online: https:\/\/dre.pt\/application\/conteudo\/125865392.","key":"ref_34"},{"unstructured":"Spanish Insular Grid Code (2021, March 05). Red El\u00e9ctrica de Espa\u00f1a, P.O. 12.2. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/res\/2018\/02\/01\/(3).","key":"ref_35"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.08.047","article-title":"Grid code reinforcements for deeper renewable generation in insular energy systems","volume":"53","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/5\/2341\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:34:03Z","timestamp":1760160843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/5\/2341"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["app11052341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11052341","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]}}}