{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:19:01Z","timestamp":1768414741846,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00532\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EME-SIS\/30171\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EME-SIS\/30171\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JICAM\/0003\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JICAM\/0003\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.08646.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.08646.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a numerical approach was carried out to analyze the effects of different geometries of microchannel heat sinks on the forced convective heat transfer in single-phase flow. The simulations were performed using the commercially available software COMSOLMultiphysics 5.6\u00ae (Burlington, MA, USA) and its results were compared with those obtained from experimental tests performed in microchannel heat sinks of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Distilled water was used as the working fluid under the laminar fluid flow regime, with a maximum Reynolds number of 293. Three sets of geometries were investigated: rectangular, triangular and circular. The different configurations were characterized based on the flow orientation, type of collector and number of parallel channels. The main results show that the rectangular shaped collector was the one that led to a greater uniformity in the distribution of the heat transfer in the microchannels. Similar results were also obtained for the circular shape. For the triangular geometry, however, a disturbance in the jet impingement was observed, leading to the least uniformity. The increase in the number of channels also enhanced the uniformity of the flow distribution and, consequently, improved the heat transfer performance, which must be considered to optimize new microchannel heat sink designs. The achieved optimized design for a heat sink, with microchannels for nanofluid flow and a higher heat dissipation rate, comprised a rectangular collector with eight microchannels and vertical placement of the inlet and outlet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T12:08:01Z","timestamp":1615291681000},"page":"2440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Numerical Optimization of a Microchannel Geometry for Nanofluid Flow and Heat Dissipation Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7986-8934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. RoviscoPais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Reinaldo R.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-2382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. RoviscoPais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose E.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. RoviscoPais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana S.","family":"Moita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. RoviscoPais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CINAMIL\u2014Military Academy Research Center, Portuguese Military Academy, R. Gomes Freire, 203, 1169-203 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio L. N.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. RoviscoPais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs, Mechanical Engineering Department, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"CEFT-Tranport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1830-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFT-Tranport Phenomena Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2006.04.012","article-title":"A lattice Boltzmann algorithm for fluid\u2013solid conjugate heat transfer","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. 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