{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:04:20Z","timestamp":1777640660564,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research evaluates the fracture behavior of concrete with reactive magnesium oxide (MgO). Replacing cement with MgO is an attractive option for the concrete industry, mainly due to sustainability benefits and reduction of shrinkage. Four different MgO\u2019s from Australia, Canada, and Spain were used in the concrete mixes, as a partial substitute of cement, at 5%, 10%, and 20% (by weight). The fracture toughness (KI) intensity factor and the stress\u2013strain softening parameters of the wedge split test were evaluated after 28 days. The experimental results showed that the replacement of cement with MgO reduced the fracture energy between 13% and 53%. Moreover, the fracture energy was found to be correlated with both compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. A well-defined relationship between these properties is important for an adequate prediction of the non-linear behavior of reinforced concrete structures made with partial replacement of cement with MgO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11072891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T15:42:19Z","timestamp":1616600539000},"page":"2891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Fracture Behaviour of Concrete with Reactive Magnesium Oxide as Alternative Binder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-3152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. A.","family":"Forero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural Engineering and Construction (PECC), Predio SG-12 Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Bras\u00edlia, Brasilia-DF CEP 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0393-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Rua Am\u00e9rico da Silva Marinho, 2839-001 Lavradio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9348-1226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8406-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro, 1950-062 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Unite Nations Environment Programme (2020). 2020 Global Status Report for Building and Construction: Towards a Zero-emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector, Unite Nations Environment Programme."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-195-2018","article-title":"Global CO2 emissions from cement production","volume":"10","author":"Andrew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2009.12.009","article-title":"Temperature and common-ion effect on magnesium oxide (MgO) hydration","volume":"36","author":"Amaral","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"EN 197-1:2011 (2011). 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