{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T09:38:19Z","timestamp":1770284299023,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acceptance by the construction industry of recycled concrete as a sustainable alternative material is contingent upon a reliable assessment of its permeability to corrosive agents. This study analyses the transport mechanisms associated with chloride (Cl\u2212), oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) ions in concrete with cement made with 10% or 25% ground recycled concrete (GRC) separately or in combination with 50% mixed recycled aggregate (MRA). The findings show that, irrespective of aggregate type, concrete with GRC exhibited lower resistance to ingress than conventional concrete due to its greater porosity. Nonetheless, O2 permeability was consistently below 4.5 \u00d7 10\u221217 m2 and CO2 penetration, under 4 mm\/year0.5, indicative of concrete with high quality. Resistance to CO2 and Cl\u2212 penetration in the materials with 10% GRC was similar to the values observed in conventional concrete. On the other hand, the incorporation of 25% GRC increased the penetration of CO2 and Cl- by 106% and 38%, respectively. Further to those findings in normal carbonation environments, reinforcement passivity would be guaranteed in such recycled materials over a 100 year service life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11093856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T21:49:20Z","timestamp":1619300960000},"page":"3856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Assessment of the Permeability to Aggressive Agents of Concrete with Recycled Cement and Mixed Recycled Aggregate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9055-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blas","family":"Cantero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UEX-CSIC Partnering Unit, Department of Construction, Institute for Sustainable Regional Development (INTERRA), School of Engineering, University of Extremadura, 1003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0393-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, Barreiro School of Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Set\u00fabal, Rua Am\u00e9rico da Silva Marinho, 2839-001 Lavradio, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, 10071 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel Fuencisla","family":"S\u00e1ez del Bosque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UEX-CSIC Partnering Unit, Department of Construction, Institute for Sustainable Regional Development (INTERRA), School of Engineering, University of Extremadura, 1003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7707-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UEX-CSIC Partnering Unit, Department of Construction, Institute for Sustainable Regional Development (INTERRA), School of Engineering, University of Extremadura, 1003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.018","article-title":"Contribution of Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete to the Reduction of Thermal Bridging Effect in Buildings","volume":"121","author":"Real","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. 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