{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T01:50:32Z","timestamp":1771379432078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral microbial biofilms, directly related to oral diseases, particularly caries and periodontitis, exhibit virulence factors that include acidification of the oral microenvironment and the formation of biofilm enriched with exopolysaccharides, characteristics and common mechanisms that, ultimately, justify the increase in antibiotics resistance. In this line, the search for natural products, mainly obtained through plants, and derived compounds with bioactive potential, endorse unique biological properties in the prevention of colonization, adhesion, and growth of oral bacteria. The present review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive view of the in vitro antibiofilm activity of various medicinal plants, revealing numerous species with antimicrobial properties, among which, twenty-four with biofilm inhibition\/reduction percentages greater than 95%. In particular, the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Lippia alba (Mill.) seem to be the most promising in fighting microbial biofilm in Streptococcus mutans, given their high capacity to reduce biofilm at low concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11094020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T10:41:58Z","timestamp":1619606518000},"page":"4020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Antimicrobials from Medicinal Plants: An Emergent Strategy to Control Oral Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Catarina","family":"Milho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AquaValor\u2014Centro de Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia da \u00c1gua\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Dr. J\u00falio Martins n.\u00ba 1, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jani","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AquaValor\u2014Centro de Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia da \u00c1gua\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Dr. J\u00falio Martins n.\u00ba 1, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AquaValor\u2014Centro de Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia da \u00c1gua\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Dr. J\u00falio Martins n.\u00ba 1, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4910-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel C. F. R.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AquaValor\u2014Centro de Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia da \u00c1gua\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o, Rua Dr. J\u00falio Martins n.\u00ba 1, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000077756","article-title":"Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm","volume":"38","author":"Marsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.10.019","article-title":"Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health","volume":"154","author":"Chinsembu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2014.969249","article-title":"Analysis of the mechanical stability and surface detachment of mature Streptococcus mutans biofilms by applying a range of external shear forces","volume":"30","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698309","article-title":"Evaluation of cariogenic bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Nishikawara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. 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