{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T16:46:42Z","timestamp":1769878002008,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sociedade Ponto Verde","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Moisture content is a quality issue raised by recycling plants in the acceptance of paper and cardboard coming from waste streams. The current way to measure this parameter is by the oven drying method, which is a slow and invasive process, costing time and resources for the recyclers to do this type of quality control. An alternative to such a measurement technique is the use of plate-form devices which indirectly measure the moisture content using the dielectric properties of water and paper. This study has tested this method and developed a representative equation for the use of devices with these properties in the Portuguese market. For that, 48 wastepaper and cardboard bales were tested with both the traditional (oven drying) method and a commercial device equipped with dielectric technology. An equation that fits the studied reality (R2 = 0.76) was achieved, and possible problems regarding the use of this device were tested. The results showed that this type of device could be used as a time- and cost-saving, non-destructive and reliable method in the quality control of wastepaper and cardboard bales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T06:01:33Z","timestamp":1621317693000},"page":"4586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Moisture Measurement in Paper and Cardboard Packaging Waste Bales for Recycling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3029-7891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2585-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Martinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"SPV (2007). Especifica\u00e7\u00f5es T\u00e9cnicas Para a Retoma de Res\u00edduos de Embalagens de Papel\/Cart\u00e3o (Technical Specifications for Recovery of Paper\/Cardboard Packaging Waste), Sociedade Ponto Verde."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"ISO (2009). Paper and Board\u2014Determinations of Moisture Content of a Lot\u2014Oven-Drying Method, International Organization for Standardization. ISO 287."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(03)00100-4","article-title":"Municipal solid waste in situ moisture content measurement using an electrical resistance sensor","volume":"23","author":"Gawande","year":"2003","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.03.011","article-title":"Determining moisture levels in straw bale construction","volume":"23","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. 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Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"98","article-title":"Fundamentals of dielectric properties measurements and agricultural applications","volume":"44","author":"Nelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2614(96)00058-9","article-title":"Accurate calculation of the dielectric constant of water from simulations of a microscopic droplet in vacuum","volume":"250","author":"Simonson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2008.08.011","article-title":"Time-domain reflectometry method and its application for measuring moisture content in porous materials: A review","volume":"42","author":"Cerny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04555","article-title":"Low-cost capacitive sensor for detecting palm-wood moisture content in real-time","volume":"6","author":"Korkua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/10\/4586\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:03:04Z","timestamp":1760162584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/10\/4586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["app11104586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11104586","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]}}}