{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:17:15Z","timestamp":1770898635195,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT), IP - Portugal","award":["PD\/BD\/128137\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/128137\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Ford-MIT Alliance","award":["no grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no grant number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we review some of the most recent research regarding design, simulation, implementation and evaluation of dynamic tolling schemes. Analyzing the structure of the reviewed studies, we identify the common elements and the differences in the approaches chosen by different authors, presenting an overview of the methods for price definition and of the simulation techniques as well as a discussion on the newest technology applications in the field. Optimization revealed to be the dominant price definition method, while control-based algorithms are notably employed for managed lanes toll pricing schemes. Regarding traffic and driver behavior simulation we observed a great variety of solutions throughout the reviewed papers, with a prevalence of macroscopic models for the former and logit models for the latter. Still few papers include models for externalities quantification, while AI paradigms are gaining importance in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T23:58:05Z","timestamp":1621814285000},"page":"4778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Model-Based Dynamic Toll Pricing: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6465-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Active Adaptive Control Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2072-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Picado-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4354-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradha M.","family":"Annaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Active Adaptive Control Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.12.003","article-title":"Dynamic pricing techniques for Intelligent Transportation System in smart cities: A systematic review","volume":"150","author":"Saharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. 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