{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T21:29:57Z","timestamp":1774474197316,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After the Cold War, the defense industries found themselves at a crossroads. However, it seems that they are gaining new momentum, as new technologies such as robotics and artificial intelligence are enabling the development of autonomous, highly innovative and disruptive intelligent systems. Despite this new impetus, there are still doubts about where to invest limited financial resources to boost high-tech defense industries. In order to shed some light on the topic, we decided to conduct a systematic literature review by using the PRISMA protocol and content analysis. The results indicate that autonomous intelligent systems are being developed by the defense industry and categorized into three different modes\u2014fully autonomous operations, partially autonomous operations, and smart autonomous decision-making. In addition, it is also important to note that, at a strategic level of war, there is limited room for automation given the need for human intervention. However, at the tactical level of war, there is a high probability of growth in industrial defense, since, at this level, structured decisions and complex analytical-cognitive tasks are carried out. In the light of carrying out those decisions and tasks, robotics and artificial intelligence can make a contribution far superior to that of human beings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11114920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1622113622000},"page":"4920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["High-Tech Defense Industries: Developing Autonomous Intelligent Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8504-0065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineering, Lus\u00f3fona University and EIGeS, Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Research and Development Center, Military University Institute, Rua de Pedrou\u00e7os, 1449-027 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-6960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuval","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Afeka Tel-Aviv College of Engineering, Tel Aviv 69988, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1359-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Mel\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISeD\u2013Research Center in Digital Services, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7514-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, GOVCOPP, Aveiro University, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineering, Lus\u00f3fona University and EIGeS, Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lin, P., Bekey, G., and Abney, K. (2021, April 14). Autonomous Military Robotics: Risk, Ethics, and Design. California Polytechnic State University of San Luis Obispo. Available online: https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/pdfs\/ADA534697.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102934","article-title":"Robotic autonomous systems for earthmoving in military applications","volume":"107","author":"Ha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/13439006.2018.1545488","article-title":"US defense innovation and artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Mariani, J., Williams, B., and Loubert, B. (2021, April 14). Continuing the March: The Past, Present, and Future of the IoT in the Military. The Internet of Things in Defense. Technical Report. Available online: https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/us\/en\/insights\/focus\/internet-of-things\/iot-in-military-defense-industry.html."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payal, M., Dixit, P., Sairam, T., and Goyal, N. (2021). Robotics, AI, and the IoT in Defense Systems. AI and IoT-Based Intelligent Automation in Robotics, Wiley-Scrivener.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119711230.ch7"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1080\/09592318.2020.1743484","article-title":"Bots on the ground: An impending UGV revolution in military affairs?","volume":"31","author":"Rossiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small Wars Insur."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Tilford, E. (2021, April 14). The Revolution in Military Affairs: Prospects and Cautions. US Army War College. Available online: https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/resrep11803.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.1601650","article-title":"Current trends in the development of intelligent unmanned autonomous systems","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Inf. Technol. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Yin, R. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods, SAGE Publications."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102324","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks and Neutralization Techniques","volume":"111","author":"Chamola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ad. Hoc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160ipo\u0161, D., and Gleich, D. (2020). A lightweight and low-power UAV-borne ground penetrating radar design for landmine detection. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082234"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"9","article-title":"Military robotics: Latest trends and spatial grasp solutions","volume":"4","author":"Sapaty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103376","article-title":"Military load carriage effects on the gait of military personnel: A systematic review","volume":"93","author":"Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/09592318.2020.1743481","article-title":"The impact of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) across the conflict spectrum","volume":"31","author":"Rossiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small Wars Insur."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2021.9355047","article-title":"Guest Editorial: Blockchain Envisioned Drones: Realizing 5G-Enabled Flying Automation","volume":"35","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1287\/stsc.2020.0112","article-title":"Enabling technologies and the role of private firms: A machine learning matching analysis","volume":"6","author":"Rathje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Strategy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101423","article-title":"Service robots in the hospitality industry: The case of Hennna hotel, Japan","volume":"63","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosete, A., Soares, B., Salvadorinho, J., Reis, J., and Amorim, M. (2020). Service robots in the hospitality industry: An exploratory literature review. International Conference on Exploring Services Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38724-2_13"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003432","article-title":"Towards a theoretical framework of autonomous systems underpinned by intelligence and systems sciences","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/Caa J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, S., O\u2019Mahony, N., Krpalcova, L., Riordan, D., Walsh, J., Murphy, A., and Ryan, C. (2018, January 21\u201322). Sensor technology in autonomous vehicles: A review. Proceedings of the 2018 29th Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC), Belfast, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSC.2018.8585340"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Horowitz, M.C., Scharre, P., and Velez-Green, A. (2019). A Stable Nuclear Future? The Impact of Autonomous Systems and Artificial Intelligence. arXiv, Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1912.05291."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Sandin, P. (2003). Robot Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Illustrated, McGraw Hill Professional."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2013.09.003","article-title":"Metric assessment of autonomous capabilities in unmanned maritime vehicles","volume":"30","author":"Insaurralde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"15","article-title":"The Myth of Intelligence","volume":"53","author":"Schlinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Rec."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"189","article-title":"The Theory of Successful Intelligence","volume":"39","author":"Sternberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Interam. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670517752459","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in service","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leidner, D. (2019). Cognitive Reasoning for Compliant Robot Manipulation, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04858-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0278364920987859","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364920987859","article-title":"How to train your robot with deep reinforcement learning: Lessons we have learned","volume":"40","author":"Ibarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Richards, L., and Matuszek, C. (2021, April 30). Learning to Understand Non-Categorical Physical Language for Human Robot Interactions. UMBC Student Collection 2016. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11603\/21316."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125619863436","article-title":"The feeling economy: Managing in the next generation of artificial intelligence (AI)","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10822","DOI":"10.3182\/20080706-5-KR-1001.01833","article-title":"Bigdog, the rough-terrain quadruped robot","volume":"41","author":"Raibert","year":"2008","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364910387457","article-title":"The littledog robot","volume":"30","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670520902266","article-title":"Engaged to a robot? The role of AI in service","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/japp.12469","article-title":"Who Is Responsible for Killer Robots? Autonomous Weapons, Group Agency, and the Military-Industrial Complex","volume":"38","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Philos."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00172-6","article-title":"Can a robot be a good colleague?","volume":"26","author":"Nyholm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellas, A., Perrin, S., Malone, B., Rogers, K., Lucas, G., Phillips, E., Tossel, C., and Visser, E. (2020, January 24). Rapport building with social robots as a method for improving mission debriefing in human-robot teams. Proceedings of the 2020 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS), Charlottesville, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIEDS49339.2020.9106643"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Laudon, K., and Laudon, J. (2015). Management Information Systems, Pearson."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.09.013","article-title":"A literature review on the levels of automation during the years. What are the different taxonomies that have been proposed?","volume":"53","author":"Vagia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185595","article-title":"Level of automation effects on performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task","volume":"42","author":"Endsley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2020.103564","article-title":"Coordination of thrusters, reaction wheels, and arm in orbital robots","volume":"131","author":"Giordano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"206","article-title":"A survey on terrain assessment techniques for autonomous operation of planetary robots","volume":"63","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"JBIS-J. Br. Interplanet. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Jones, D., Ward, R., Allouis, E., and Kisdi, A. (2021, April 23). Space Robotics and Autonomous Systems: Widening the Horizon of Space Exploration. UK-RAS White Paper, 2016. Available online: https:\/\/www.surrey.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/UK_RAS_wp_print_single_pages.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1126\/science.371.6532.870","article-title":"Perseverance will explore history of ancient lake","volume":"371","author":"Voosen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ron, P., and Kott, A. (2019, January 12\u201314). When Autonomous Intelligent Goodware Will Fight Autonomous Intelligent Malware: A Possible Future of Cyber Defense. Proceedings of the MILCOM 2019-2019 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), Norfolk, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM47813.2019.9021038"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"57","article-title":"Intelligent autonomous agents are key to cyber defense of the future army networks","volume":"3","author":"Kott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cyber Def. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2012.09.008","article-title":"A review on improving the autonomy of unmanned surface vehicles through intelligent collision avoidance manoeuvres","volume":"36","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2017.2651109","article-title":"State-of-the-art intelligent flight control systems in unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"15","author":"Santoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"199","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle in military operations","volume":"18","author":"Udeanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Res. Educ. Air Force"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jourdan, D., Piedmonte, M., Gavrilets, V., Vos, D., and McCormick, J. (2010, January 2\u20135). Enhancing UAV survivability through damage tolerant control. Proceedings of the AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2010-7548"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Energy use and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of drones for commercial package delivery","volume":"9","author":"Stolaroff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/528\/1\/012001","article-title":"Intelligent Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Agriculture and Agroindustry","volume":"Volume 335","author":"Hartanto","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2006.08.003","article-title":"Autonomous underwater vehicles for scientific and naval operations","volume":"30","author":"Bovio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bistron, M., and Piotrowski, Z. (2021). Artificial Intelligence Applications in Military Systems and Their Influence on Sense of Security of Citizens. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10070871"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sands, T. (2020). Development of Deterministic Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV). J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8080578"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooden, D., Malchano, M., Blankespoor, K., Howardy, A., Rizzi, A., and Raibert, M. (2010, January 3\u20137). Autonomous navigation for BigDog. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509226"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D., and Prisma Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Fink, A. (2005). Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper, Sage Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"207","article-title":"Towards a methodology for developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Tranfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14488\/BJOPM.2021.024","article-title":"Influence of artificial intelligence on public employment and its impact on politics: A systematic literature review","volume":"18","author":"Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003","article-title":"Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: Development of the PRISMA 2020 statement","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0663-8","article-title":"Evaluations of the uptake and impact of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement and extensions: A scoping review","volume":"6","author":"Page","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Flick, U., Kardorff, E., and Steinke, I. (2004). A Companion to Qualitative Research, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuendorf, K., and Kumar, A. (2015). Content analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118541555.wbiepc065"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071878781"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"17","article-title":"An overview of content analysis","volume":"7","author":"Stemler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Eval."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x","article-title":"The qualitative content analysis process","volume":"62","author":"Elo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three approaches to qualitative content analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Bazeley, P., and Jackson, K. (2013). Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"57","article-title":"Employment in high-tech defense industries in a post-cold war era","volume":"119","author":"Hetrick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mon. Labor Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"012032","article-title":"Research on development status and technology trend of intelligent autonomous ammunition","volume":"Volume 1721","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"MacGregor, D. (2021, May 01). Future Battle: The Merging Levels of War; Army War Coll Carlisle Barracks PA. Available online: https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/pdfs\/ADA528099.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/03071840509441983","article-title":"Thinking about the operational level","volume":"150","author":"Kiszely","year":"2005","journal-title":"RUSI J."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"399","article-title":"a hybrid lbwa-ir-mairca multi-criteria decision-making model for determination of constructive elements of weapons","volume":"18","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facta Univ. Ser. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2020.01.005","article-title":"Automated integration of real-time and non-real-time defense systems","volume":"17","author":"Demir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.31181\/dmame1901132b","article-title":"Multi-criteria FUCOM\u2013Fuzzy MABAC model for the selection of location for construction of single-span bailey bridge","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Decis. Mak. Appl. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.5937\/vojtehg67-20900","article-title":"Risk assessment framework: Application of Bayesian Belief Networks in an ammunition delaboration project","volume":"67","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vojnoteh. Glas."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.31181\/dmame2003019d","article-title":"Multicriteria decision making model with Z-numbers based on FUCOM and MABAC model","volume":"3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Decis. Mak. Appl. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arkin, R. (2018). Lethal autonomous systems and the plight of the non-combatant. The Political Economy of Robots, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51466-6_15"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2017.2787267","article-title":"Lethal autonomous weapon systems [ethical, legal, and societal issues]","volume":"25","author":"Righetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamurcu, M., and Eren, T. (2020). Selection of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Using Multicriteria Decision-Making for Defence. J. Math.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4308756"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60908","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2915971","article-title":"Restricted evasion attack: Generation of restricted-area adversarial example","volume":"7","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.07.101","article-title":"Acoustic-decoy: Detection of adversarial examples through audio modification on speech recognition system","volume":"417","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/11\/4920\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:08:46Z","timestamp":1760162926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/11\/4920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["app11114920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11114920","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]}}}