{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:28:58Z","timestamp":1777490938458,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phenol red (X-PR) and malachite green carbinol (MGC) are two textile finishing dyes, which are present in aquatic environments through industrial effluents. Due to the toxic nature of both dyes, they are harmful to human health. In the present study, two materials, barley seeds and the biochar of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), were used to remove the dyes in an aqueous solution. The materials used are characterized by AFM, FTIR, SEM, XRD and EDX techniques. In this study, the parameters studied are the adsorbent dose, pH, initial adsorbate concentration and contact time. The maximum equilibrium time was found to be 90 min for all dyes. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption of X-PR and MGC on barley seeds (BS-HVL) and the biochar of barley (BC-HVL) followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and that both porous and intraparticle diffusion mechanisms were involved. The adsorption equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model for both materials, and the maximum adsorption capacity of monolayer and multilayers for X-PR and MGC were 71.642 mg g\u22121 and 50 mg g\u22121 on BS-HVL, and 44.843 mg g\u22121 and 121.95 mg g\u22121 on BC-HVL, respectively. The thermodynamic results reveal that the dye removal on barley was endothermic and spontaneous in nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11115125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T21:42:06Z","timestamp":1622497326000},"page":"5125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dye Removal from Colored Textile Wastewater Using Seeds and Biochar of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8112-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fouad El","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Valorization of Resources, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0360-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammadi El","family":"Farissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Valorization of Resources, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Hassani","family":"Zerrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Technologies, Biotechnology and Valuation of Bio-resources (TEBVB), Al-Hoceima Faculty of Science and Technology (FSTH), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Cacciola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}]},{"given":"Chaimae","family":"Bakkali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Valorization of Resources, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90000, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Brigui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Valorization of Resources, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tangier 90000, Morocco"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8509-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Palma","family":"Lovillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Vitivin\u00edcola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Campus del Rio San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim C. G.","family":"Esteves da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 697, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.10.922","article-title":"Extraction, analysis of polyphenols and antioxidant properties of morrocan barley seed extracts (Hordeum vulgare L.)","volume":"43","author":"Oufdou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Crini, G., and Badot, P.M. (2007). 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