{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T21:41:06Z","timestamp":1764020466800,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research investigates the effects of a synthetic diesel-like fuel (Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) fuel blends on the energy-exergy efficiencies and gaseous exhaust emissions characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Two blends of alternative fuels denoted as E15B35FTD50 (15% ethanol, 35% biodiesel, and 50% Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and E15B35D50 (15% ethanol, 35% biodiesel, and 50% diesel) were experimentally studied on a single-cylinder diesel engine and compared to diesel fuel. The results show that the energetic and the exergetic efficiencies of the alternative fuels are comparable to those of the engine fueled with diesel fuel. The unburnt HC, NO, N2O, and NH3 emissions were reduced for the two alternative fuel blends compared to diesel, while CO emissions increased. The light HC species were found to slightly increase for the alternative fuel blends in comparison with diesel fuel. However, the total HC was considerably reduced by the combustion of E15B35FTD50 not only when compared to the diesel fuel combustion, but also when compared to E15B35D50. Overall, these results may contribute to identifying advantages and limitations in terms of energetic-exergetic analysis and emissions for the new generation of conventional diesel and hybrid electric vehicles that aim to achieve future emissions regulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11135958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T22:24:57Z","timestamp":1624832697000},"page":"5958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fischer-Tropsch Diesel and Biofuels Exergy and Energy Analysis for Low Emissions Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3615-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Andrade","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Program, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, Brazil"},{"name":"Center of Exact and Technological Sciences, Department of Mechanical Systems, Federal University of Rec\u00f4ncavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas 44380-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3301-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Doustdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6939-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Martin","family":"Herreros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Runzhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Poku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Tsolakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2163-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8617-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio A. B.","family":"Vieira de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Program, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40210-630, Brazil"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center in Energy and Environment, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.115906","article-title":"A Comparative Energy and Environmental Analysis of a Diesel, Hybrid, Hydrogen and Electric Urban Bus","volume":"187","author":"Correa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, J.R., Novella, R., and Piqueras, P. (2019). Why the Development of Internal Combustion Engines Is Still Necessary to Fight against Global Climate Change from the Perspective of Transportation. Appl. 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