{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T07:06:17Z","timestamp":1775372777255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project UNRAvEL (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035) financed by FEDER, through COMPETE2020 - POCI, and by national funds (OE), through FCT\/MCTES national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) for financial support to CESAM (Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar) (UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020) via national funds.","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"UNRAvEL fellowship and a contract researcher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029035"]}]},{"name":"National funds (OE) through FCT","award":["Contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57\/2016,  of August 29, changed by Law 57\/2017, of July 19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57\/2016,  of August 29, changed by Law 57\/2017, of July 19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, pesticides have contaminated the environment, affecting non-target species. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of fosetyl-Al (FOS) on model organisms. Based on the 3 Rs for animal research and described guidelines, the OECD 236 and 220 were applied with some modifications. The FOS test concentrations were 0.02\u20130.2\u20132\u201320\u2013200 mg\/L for Danio rerio and 250\u2013500\u2013750\u20131000\u20131250 mg\/kg for Enchytraeus crypticus. Besides the standard endpoints, additional endpoints were evaluated (D. rerio: behavior and biochemical responses; E. crypticus: extension of exposure duration (28 d (days) + 28 d) and organisms\u2019 sizes). For D. rerio, after 96 h (h), hatching was inhibited (200 mg\/L), proteins\u2019 content increased (2 and 20 mg\/L), lipids\u2019 content decreased (2 mg\/L), glutathione S-transferase activity increased (2 mg\/L), and, after 120 h, larvae distance swam increased (20 mg\/L). For E. crypticus, after 28 d, almost all the tested concentrations enlarged the organisms\u2019 sizes and, after 56 d, 1250 mg\/kg decreased the reproduction. In general, alterations in the organisms\u2019 biochemical responses, behavior, and growth occurred at lower concentrations than the effects observed at the standard endpoints. This ecotoxicological assessment showed that FOS may not be considered safe for the tested species, only at higher concentrations than the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). This research highlighted the importance of a multi-endpoint approach to assess the (eco)toxic effects of the contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T04:33:29Z","timestamp":1628138009000},"page":"7209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Is the Synthetic Fungicide Fosetyl-Al Safe for the Ecotoxicological Models Danio rerio and Enchytraeus crypticus?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Barreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1685-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8137-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica J. B.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0331-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera L.","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10642","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02529","article-title":"Long-Term Persistence of Pesticides and TPs in Archived Agricultural Soil Samples and Comparison with Pesticide Application","volume":"51","author":"Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139635","article-title":"Impact of a synthetic fungicide (fosetyl-Al and propamocarb-hydrochloride) and a biopesticide (Clonostachys rosea) on soil bacterial, fungal, and protist communities","volume":"738","author":"Fournier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"35","article-title":"Effect of fungicides on association of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Rhizophagus fasciculatus and growth of Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)","volume":"15","author":"Channabasava","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26777-7_8","article-title":"Impact of Fertilizers and Pesticides on Soil Microflora in Agriculture","volume":"Volume 19","author":"Lichtfouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustainable Agriculture Reviews"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.03.001","article-title":"Pesticide fate in soil-sediment-water environment in relation to contamination preventing actions","volume":"4","author":"Vryzas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2011.11.010","article-title":"Measuring the effects of pesticides on bacterial communities in soil: A critical review","volume":"49","author":"Imfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3471-x","article-title":"Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates","volume":"22","author":"Pisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11039","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305618110","article-title":"Pesticides reduce regional biodiversity of stream invertebrates","volume":"110","author":"Beketov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP515","article-title":"Effects of Neonicotinoid Pesticide Exposure on Human Health: A Systematic Review","volume":"125","author":"Cimino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA, Arena, M., Auteri, D., Barmaz, S., Bellisai, G., Brancato, A., Brocca, D., Bura, L., Byers, H., and Chiusolo, A. (2018). Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance phenmedipham. EFSA J., 16, e05150.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5151"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-04202007000100009","article-title":"Study of the effect of Aliette on the activity of spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) chloroplasts","volume":"19","author":"Almeida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.02.004","article-title":"Toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide sumithion to embryo and larvae of zebrafish","volume":"7","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Paz, J.F., Beiza, N., Paredes-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, S., Hoare, M.S., and Allende, M.L. (2017). Triazole Fungicides Inhibit Zebrafish Hatching by Blocking the Secretory Function of Hatching Gland Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040710"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2007.12.013","article-title":"Temperature-dependent effects of the pesticides thiacloprid and diazinon on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"86","author":"Osterauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2007.05.009","article-title":"Effects of toxaphene on soil organisms","volume":"68","author":"Hofman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142098","article-title":"Toxicity of fungicides to terrestrial non-target fauna\u2014Formulated products versus active ingredients (azoxystrobin, cyproconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole)\u2014A case study with Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta)","volume":"754","author":"Gomes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.179","article-title":"The fungicide mancozeb affects soil invertebrates in two subtropical Brazilian soils","volume":"232","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-019-0186-0","article-title":"Pesticides diazinon and diuron increase glutathione levels and affect multixenobiotic resistance activity and biomarker responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae","volume":"31","author":"Velki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2008.11.006","article-title":"Is the fish embryo toxicity test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) a potential alternative for the fish acute toxicity test?","volume":"149","author":"Lammer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"OECD (2013). Test No. 236: Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243917726579","article-title":"Recovering the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique: The 3Rs and the Human Essence of Animal Research","volume":"43","author":"Kirk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Human Values"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4528","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8205-9","article-title":"Individual and mixture effects of five agricultural pesticides on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caioni, G., Merola, C., Perugini, M., d\u2019Angelo, M., Cimini, A.M., Amorena, M., and Benedetti, E. (2021). An Experimental Approach to Study the Effects of Realistic Environmental Mixture of Linuron and Propamocarb on Zebrafish Synaptogenesis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094664"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.01.021","article-title":"Enchytraeus crypticus as model species in soil ecotoxicology","volume":"87","author":"Roelofs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"OECD (2016). Test No. 220: Enchytraeid Reproduction Test, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103386","article-title":"Impacts on reproduction of Enchytraeus crypticus in fertilized soils with chicken litter treated with synthetic and natural insecticide","volume":"78","author":"Testa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.098","article-title":"Effects of three different embryonic exposure modes of 2, 2\u2032, 4, 4\u2032-tetrabromodiphenyl ether on the path angle and social activity of zebrafish larvae","volume":"169","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(69)90064-5","article-title":"Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues","volume":"27","author":"Tietze","year":"1969","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Greenwald, R.A. (1985). Catalase activity. Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, CRC."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione S-Transferases, The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900286","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase activity in juveniles of Daphnia magna Straus","volume":"57","author":"Guilhermino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008228517955","article-title":"The use of biomarkers in Daphnia magna toxicity testing. IV.Cellular Energy Allocation: A new methodology to assess the energy budget of toxicant-stressed Daphnia populations","volume":"6","author":"Janssen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress Recover."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.12.021","article-title":"Life history and biochemical effects of chlorantraniliprole on Chironomus riparius","volume":"508","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11394","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02537","article-title":"Fate and Effect of Nano Tungsten Carbide Cobalt (WCCo) in the Soil Environment: Observing a Nanoparticle Specific Toxicity in Enchytraeus crypticus","volume":"52","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"180001","article-title":"Ecotoxicology of Aquatic System: A Review on Fungicide Induced Toxicity in Fishes","volume":"1","author":"Choudhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pro Aqua Farm Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (2013). Conclusion on the Peer Review of the Pesticide Risk Assessment of the Active Substance Disodium Phosphonate. EFSA J., 11, 3213.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3213"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.11.079","article-title":"Does long-term fungicide exposure affect the reproductive performance of leaf-shredders? A partial life-cycle study using Hyalella azteca","volume":"222","author":"Baudy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., Ali, S., and Richardson, M.K. (2020). Effect of pesticides and metals on zebrafish embryo development and larval locomotor activity. bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(03)00055-X","article-title":"Neurobehavioral Effects of Pesticides: State of the Art","volume":"24","author":"Colosio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Potential developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides used in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Andersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health A Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-74-606","article-title":"Studies on the In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activity of Fosetyl-Al and Phosphorous Acid","volume":"74","author":"Fenn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-79-921","article-title":"The Mode of Action of Phosphite: Evidence for Both Direct and Indirect Modes of Action on Three Phytophthora spp. in Plants","volume":"79","author":"Smillie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109760","article-title":"Biochemical and behavioral responses of zebrafish embryos to magnetic graphene\/nickel nanocomposites","volume":"186","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.020","article-title":"Toxicity of dyes to zebrafish at the biochemical level: Cellular energy allocation and neurotoxicity","volume":"235","author":"Abe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109446","article-title":"Effects of 2,4-D-based herbicide (DMA\u00ae 806) on sensitivity, respiration rates, energy reserves and behavior of tadpoles","volume":"182","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.1.139","article-title":"Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species","volume":"74","author":"Yu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2018.03.002","article-title":"Oxidative effects of the acute exposure to a pesticide mixture of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on carp and zebrafish\u2014A comparative study","volume":"206\u2013207","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2005.03.007","article-title":"Oxidative damage in eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), measured as protein carbonyls and TBARS, as biomarkers","volume":"73","author":"Almroth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.04.022","article-title":"The effects of diphenyl diselenide on oxidative stress biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio exposed to herbicide quinclorac (Facet\u00ae)","volume":"81","author":"Leitemperger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20757","article-title":"Protective effect of lycopene on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Cyprinus carpio during cypermethrin exposure","volume":"28","author":"Yonar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/52.2.168","article-title":"Toxicological interactions of chlorpyrifos and methyl mercury in the amphipod, Hyalella azteca","volume":"52","author":"Steevens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190818","article-title":"Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of two crustacean biochemical biomarkers","volume":"19","author":"McLoughlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008934505370","article-title":"Esterases as Markers of Exposure to Organophosphates and Carbamates","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-015-1445-5","article-title":"Enchytraeid Reproduction TestPLUS: Hatching, growth and full life cycle test\u2014an optional multi-endpoint test with Enchytraeus crypticus","volume":"24","author":"Bicho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.09.030","article-title":"Multigenerational exposure of Folsomia candida to ivermectin\u2014Using avoidance, survival, reproduction, size and cellular markers as endpoints","volume":"337","author":"Maria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2021.101242","article-title":"Alternative test methods for (nano)materials hazards assessment: Challenges and recommendations for regulatory preparedness","volume":"40","author":"Gomes","year":"2021","journal-title":"NanoToday"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00369-8","article-title":"Environmental hazard testing of nanobiomaterials","volume":"32","author":"Amorim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116363","article-title":"Plastic pollution\u2014A case study with Enchytraeus crypticus\u2014From micro-to nanoplastics","volume":"271","author":"Amorim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/16\/7209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:40:46Z","timestamp":1760164846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/16\/7209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["app11167209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11167209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]}}}