{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:32:25Z","timestamp":1776929545092,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurofeedback training (NFT) is a technique often proposed to train brain activity SR with promising results. However, some criticism has been raised due to the lack of evaluation, reliability, and validation of its learning effects. The current work evaluates the hypothesis that SR learning may be improved by priming the subject before NFT with guided mindfulness meditation (MM). The proposed framework was tested in a two-way parallel-group randomized controlled intervention with a single session alpha NFT, in a simplistic serious game design. Sixty-two healthy na\u00efve subjects, aged between 18 and 43 years, were divided into MM priming and no-priming groups. Although both the EG and CG successfully attained the up-regulation of alpha rhythms (F(1,59) = 20.67, p &lt; 0.001, \u03b7p2 = 0.26), the EG showed a significantly enhanced ability (t(29) = 4.38, p &lt; 0.001) to control brain activity, compared to the CG (t(29) = 1.18, p &gt; 0.1). Furthermore, EG superior performance on NFT seems to be explained by the subject\u2019s lack of awareness at pre-intervention, less vigour at post-intervention, increased task engagement, and a relaxed non-judgemental attitude towards the NFT tasks. This study is a preliminary validation of the proposed assisted priming framework, advancing some implicit and explicit metrics about its efficacy on NFT performance, and a promising tool for improving na\u00efve \u201cusers\u201d self-regulation ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:42:12Z","timestamp":1629668532000},"page":"7725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Multivariate Randomized Controlled Experiment about the Effects of Mindfulness Priming on EEG Neurofeedback Self-Regulation Serious Games"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno M. C.","family":"da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT Portugal Program, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ALGORITMI Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"2Ai-School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810, Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2715-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela","family":"Bicho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Mathematics, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Vilhena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai-School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810, Barcelos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno S.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Ai-School of Technology, IPCA, 4750-810, Barcelos, Portugal"},{"name":"MindProberlabs, 4470-605 Maia, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Damasio, A.R. 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