{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:56:58Z","timestamp":1777093018678,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Azul - Direc\u00e7\u00e3o-Geral de Pol\u00edtica do Mar, Minist\u00e9rio do Mar, Portugal","award":["FA_05_2017_033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA_05_2017_033"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04565\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa","award":["Project N. 007317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project N. 007317"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increased demand for protein sources combined with a decrease in the available land and water resources have led to a growing interest in macroalgae as alternative protein sources. This review focuses on strategies for macroalgae protein extraction, enrichment and characterization. To date, the protein extraction methods applied to algae include enzymatic hydrolysis, physical processes and chemical extraction. Novel methods, such as pulsed electric field, microwave-assisted, pressurized liquid and supercritical fluid extractions, and the application of smart solvents are discussed. An overview of the use of membranes and other processes to generate high-value protein concentrates from algae extracts is also presented, as well as some examples of the methods used for their characterization. The potential bioactivities from macroalgae-derived proteins and peptides, including novel glycoproteins and lectins, are briefly reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11177969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T21:45:16Z","timestamp":1630273516000},"page":"7969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Macroalgae as Protein Sources\u2014A Review on Protein Bioactivity, Extraction, Purification and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Gordalina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Helena M.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2235-3988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1498-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Manuela R.","family":"da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M. Teresa","family":"Ces\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, August 20). IEA Bioenergy Task 42 Biorefining. Available online: https:\/\/task42.ieabioenergy.com\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2684-8_1","article-title":"Marine Algae: A Source of Biomass for Biotechnological Applications","volume":"Volume 1308","author":"Stengel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natural Products from Marine Algae"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chojnacka, K., Wieczorek, P., Schroeder, G., and Michalak, I. (2018). Algae Biomass: Characteristics and Applications, Springer International Publishing. [8th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74703-3"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bold, H., and Wynne, M. (1978). Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lobban, C., and Wynne, M. (1981). The Biology of Seaweeds, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Van den Hoek, C., Mann, D., and Jahns, H. (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2307\/2260289","article-title":"The Physiological Ecology of Seaweeds","volume":"74","author":"Reed","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00028360","article-title":"Production Ecology of Gelidium","volume":"221","author":"Santelices","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02185904","article-title":"Use of Macroalgae for Marine Biomass Production and CO2 Remediation: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-461012-5.50021-5","article-title":"Algal Polysaccharides","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Percival","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods in Plant Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.02.006","article-title":"Marine Algal Carbohydrates as Carbon Sources for the Production of Biochemicals and Biomaterials","volume":"36","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1021\/bm061185q","article-title":"Structure and Function Properties of Ulvan, a Polysaccharide from Green Seaweeds","volume":"8","author":"Lahaye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"McHugh, D. (2003). A Guide to the Seaweed Industry, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.abr.2019.11.008","article-title":"Current Knowledge and Challenges in Extraction, Characterization and Bioactivity of Seaweed Protein and Seaweed-Derived Proteins","volume":"95","author":"Wijesekara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Bot. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleurence, J. (2004). Seaweed Proteins. Proteins in Food Processing, Elsevier Ltd.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439823309.ch9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.08.001","article-title":"Fatty Acids, Total Lipid, Protein and Ash Contents of Processed Edible Seaweeds","volume":"85","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biris-Dorhoi, E.S., Michiu, D., Pop, C., Rotar, A., Tofana, M., Pop, O., Socaci, S., and Farcas, A. (2020). Macroalgae\u2014A Sustainable Source of Chemical Compounds with Biological Activities. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103085"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.09.006","article-title":"Macroalgal-Derived Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides: Enzymatic Release and Potential Health Enhancing Properties","volume":"93","author":"Pimentel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.11.029","article-title":"Comparison of Nutritive Chemistry of a Range of Temperate Seaweeds","volume":"4","author":"Marsham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2013.05.005","article-title":"Proteins from Land Plants\u2014Potential Resources for Human Nutrition and Food Security","volume":"32","author":"Day","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-005-1641-4","article-title":"An Evaluation of Methods for Extraction and Quantification of Protein from Marine Macro-and Microalgae","volume":"17","author":"Barbarino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, M., Machado, S., Pimentel, F., Freitas, V., Alves, R., and Oliveira, M. (2020). Amino Acid Profile and Protein Quality Assessment of Macroalgae Produced in an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture System. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101382"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5358","DOI":"10.3390\/md13085358","article-title":"Proteins and Carbohydrates from Red Seaweeds: Evidence for Beneficial Effects on Gut Function and Microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Cian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.02.044","article-title":"Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction of R-Phycoerythrin from Marine Macro-Algae, Gelidium pusillum","volume":"280","author":"Mittal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2009.06.017","article-title":"Concentration and Pre-Purification with Ultrafiltration of a R-Phycoerythrin Solution Extracted from Macro-Algae Grateloupia turuturu: Process Definition and up-Scaling","volume":"69","author":"Denis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.11.002","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of R-Phycoerythrin from Grateloupia turuturu with and without Enzyme Addition","volume":"12","author":"Dumay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1085-7","article-title":"Growth, Biochemical and Antioxidant Content of Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyta) Cultivated under Salinity and Irradiance Treatments","volume":"29","author":"Robledo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1239-7","article-title":"Different Extraction Procedures and Analysis of Protein from Ulva sp. in Brittany, France","volume":"29","author":"Wijesekara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)81831-2","article-title":"Glycoproteins from Ulva lactuca","volume":"26","author":"Sary","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.120463","article-title":"Structural Features of N-Glycans of Seaweed Glycoproteins: Predominant Occurrence of High-Mannose Type N-Glycans in Marine Plants","volume":"76","author":"Yoshiie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022190","article-title":"Promotion of Polypeptide Folding by Interactions with Asn-Glycans","volume":"124","author":"Kimura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9345","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411122200","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Griffithsin, a Novel HIV-Inactivating Protein, from the Red Alga Griffithsia sp.","volume":"280","author":"Mori","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.116","article-title":"Structural Characterization of Two Isolectins from the Marine Red Alga solieria Filiformis (K\u00fctzing) P.W. Gabrielson and Their Anticancer Effect on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"107","author":"Chaves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, J., Hirayama, M., Sato, Y., Morimoto, K., and Hori, K. (2017). A Novel High-Mannose Specific Lectin from the Green Alga Halimeda renschiit Exhibits a Potent Anti-Influenza Virus Activity through High-Affinity Binding to the Viral Hemagglutinin. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15080255"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2011.01006.x","article-title":"Cell Wall Variability in the Green Seaweed Codium vermilara (Bryopsidales Chlorophyta) from the Argentine Coast","volume":"47","author":"Ciancia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwn101","article-title":"Chemical and in Situ Characterization of Macromolecular Components of the Cell Walls from the Green Seaweed Codium fragile","volume":"19","author":"Estevez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1081\/PB-120021436","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of Ulva pertusa Kjellm Alkaline Phosphatase","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margen.2019.03.004","article-title":"Identification of Alternative Oxidase Encoding Genes in Caulerpa cylindracea by de Novo RNA-Seq Assembly Analysis","volume":"46","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Genom."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(99)00356-8","article-title":"A Fibrinolytic Enzyme from a Marine Green Alga, Codium latum","volume":"52","author":"Matsubara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.01.023","article-title":"Thrombolytic, Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Activities of Codiase, a Bi-Functional Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Codium fragile","volume":"95","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2015.09.001","article-title":"Growth Rate Analysis and Protein Identification of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) under pH Induced Stress Culture","volume":"2","author":"Tee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2011.00969.x","article-title":"Bioactive Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids from Macroalgae","volume":"47","author":"Harnedy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.04.119","article-title":"Edible Azorean Macroalgae as Source of Rich Nutrients with Impact on Human Health","volume":"164","author":"Paiva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202000153","article-title":"Current Knowledge on the Extraction, Purification, Identification, and Validation of Bioactive Peptides from Seaweed","volume":"41","author":"Kleekayai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10150","DOI":"10.1021\/ac301680q","article-title":"Present and Future Challenges in Food Analysis: Foodomics","volume":"84","author":"Herrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleakley, S., and Hayes, M. (2017). Algal Proteins: Extraction, Application, and Challenges Concerning Production. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6050033"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pangestuti, R., and Kim, S. (2015). Seaweed Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids. Seaweed Sustainability: Food and Non-Food Applications, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-418697-2.00006-4"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes, A., Amaro, H., Sousa-Pinto, I., and Malcata, F. (2013). Applications of Spent Biomass. Biofuels from Algae, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59558-4.00010-3"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-014-0425-0","article-title":"Bioassay-Guided Fractionation Approach for Determination of Protein Precursors of Proteolytic Bioactive Metabolites from Macroalgae","volume":"27","author":"Bondu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9143","article-title":"Marine Macroalgae as Sources of Protein and Bioactive Compounds in Feed for Monogastric Animals","volume":"99","author":"Mydland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"15","article-title":"Red and Green Macroalgae for Fish and Animal Feed and Human Functional Food Development","volume":"32","author":"Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2011.05.008","article-title":"Food Protein Functionality: A Comprehensive Approach","volume":"25","author":"Foegeding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.11.007","article-title":"Maternal Laminarin Supplementation Decreases Salmonella typhimurium Shedding and Improves Intestinal Health in Piglets Following an Experimental Challenge with S. typhimurium Post-Weaning","volume":"223","author":"Bouwhuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2016.03.016","article-title":"Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum Supplementation on Campylobacter jejuni Colonisation, Performance and Gut Health Following an Experimental Challenge in 10 Day Old Chicks","volume":"37","author":"Sweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-014-0506-0","article-title":"Seaweed Extracts as Antimicrobial Agents in Aquaculture","volume":"27","author":"Vatsos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-007-9188-1","article-title":"Phycobiliproteins as a Commodity: Trends in Applied Research, Patents and Commercialization","volume":"20","author":"Sekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JAPH.0000047783.36600.ef","article-title":"Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Uses of Seaweed Natural Products: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Smit","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207780363068","article-title":"Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Food Proteins: Biochemistry, Bioactivity and Production","volume":"13","author":"Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.552210111","article-title":"Multifunctional Peptides Encrypted in Milk Proteins","volume":"21","author":"Meisel","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4569","DOI":"10.1021\/ol801799d","article-title":"Isolation, Structure Determination, and Synthesis of Galaxamide, a Rare Cytotoxic Cyclic Pentapeptide from a Marine Algae Galaxaura filamentosa","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-0017-4","article-title":"In Vitro Assessment of the Cardioprotective, Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Potential of Palmaria palmata Protein Hydrolysates","volume":"25","author":"Harnedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furuta, T., Miyabe, Y., Yasui, H., Kinoshita, Y., and Kishimura, H. (2016). Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Phycobiliproteins of Dulse Palmaria palmata. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14020032"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2006.35.3.307","article-title":"Screening of Extracts from Marine Green and Brown Algae in Jeju for Potential Marine Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity","volume":"35","author":"Cha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(02)02839-X","article-title":"Antihypertensive Effect of Nori-Peptides Derived from Red Alga Porphyra yezoensis in Hypertensive Patients","volume":"15","author":"Saito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000066495","article-title":"Antihypertensive Effects of Hydrolysates of Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) and Their Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity","volume":"46","author":"Sato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Maehre, H. (2015). Seaweed Proteins-How to Get to Them? Effects of Processing on Nutritional Value, Bioaccessibility and Extractability. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domozych, D. (2019). Algal Cell Walls. eLS, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0000315.pub4"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034969t","article-title":"Complexation of Whey Proteins with Carrageenan","volume":"52","author":"Weinbreck","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0957-6","article-title":"PH-Driven Solubilization and Isoelectric Precipitation of Proteins from the Brown Seaweed Saccharina latissima\u2014Effects of Osmotic Shock, Water Volume and Temperature","volume":"29","author":"Undeland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4667","DOI":"10.1021\/jf400819p","article-title":"Application of Novel Extraction Technologies for Bioactives from Marine Algae","volume":"61","author":"Kadam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.132","article-title":"Involvement of the Dopaminergic System in the Antidepressant-like Effect of the Lectin Isolated from the Red Marine Alga Solieria filiformis in Mice","volume":"111","author":"Abreu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365272","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/365272","article-title":"Effect of Algae and Plant Lectins on Planktonic Growth and Biofilm Formation in Clinically Relevant Bacteria and Yeasts","volume":"2014","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.03.017","article-title":"Purification of a Lectin from the Marine Red Alga Gracilaria ornata and Its Effect on the Development of the Cowpea Weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)","volume":"1724","author":"Leite","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00003796","article-title":"Use of Enzymatic Cell Wall Degradation for Improvement of Protein Extraction from Chondrus crispus, Gracilaria verrucosa and Palmaria palmata","volume":"7","author":"Fleurence","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1712-y","article-title":"Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Proteins from the Seaweeds Macrocystis pyrifera and Chondracanthus chamissoi: Characterization of the Extracts and Their Bioactive Potential","volume":"31","author":"Bernal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1000148","article-title":"Response Surface Methodology for Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Water- Soluble Antiviral Compounds from the Proliferative Macroalga Solieria chordalis","volume":"5","author":"Burlot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Enzym. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2012.09.023","article-title":"Extraction of Protein from the Macroalga Palmaria palmata","volume":"51","author":"Harnedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2007.04.014","article-title":"Applications and Opportunities for Ultrasound Assisted Extraction in the Food Industry\u2014A Review","volume":"9","author":"Vilkhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilkhu, K., Manasseh, R., Mawson, R., and Ashokkumar, M. (2011). Ultrasonic Recovery and Modification of Food Ingredients. Ultrasound Technologies for Food and Bioprocessing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7472-3_13"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.3390\/md13053182","article-title":"Alternative and Efficient Extraction Methods for Marine-Derived Compounds","volume":"13","author":"Grosso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1466-8564(00)00020-5","article-title":"Effects of Ultrasound on Milk Homogenization and Fermentation with Yogurt Starter","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2010.11.023","article-title":"Applications of Ultrasound in Food Technology: Processing, Preservation and Extraction","volume":"18","author":"Chemat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2017.02.030","article-title":"Ultrasound Assisted Methods for Enhanced Extraction of Phycobiliproteins from Marine Macro-Algae, Gelidium pusillum (Rhodophyta)","volume":"38","author":"Mittal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00003945","article-title":"Comparison of Different Extractive Procedures for Proteins from the Edible Seaweeds Ulva rigida and Ulva rotundata","volume":"7","author":"Fleurence","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1481-7","article-title":"Production of Protein Extracts from Swedish Red, Green, and Brown Seaweeds, Porphyra umbilicalis K\u00fctzing, Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, and Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) J. V. Lamouroux Using Three Different Methods","volume":"30","author":"Harrysson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13696","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b01089","article-title":"Functional Protein Concentrates Extracted from the Green Marine Macroalga Ulva sp. by High Voltage Pulsed Electric Fields and Mechanical Press","volume":"6","author":"Robin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1039\/b700306b","article-title":"Natural Product Isolation","volume":"25","author":"Sticher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.11.035","article-title":"Sample Preparation for the Analysis of Isoflavones from Soybeans and Soy Foods","volume":"1216","author":"Rostagno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbbm.2006.09.012","article-title":"Techniques of Preparing Plant Material for Chromatographic Separation and Analysis","volume":"70","author":"Romanik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, Y., and Wang, L. (2011). Advances in Extraction of Plant Products in Nutraceutical Processing. Handbook of Nutraceuticals Volume II, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10912-6"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6224","article-title":"Optimization of Subcritical Fluid Extraction of Carotenoids and Chlorophyll a from Laminaria japonica Aresch by Response Surface Methodology","volume":"94","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2012.12.008","article-title":"Compressed Fluids for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds","volume":"43","author":"Herrero","year":"2013","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5792","DOI":"10.1021\/jf400740p","article-title":"Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Fucoxanthin from Undaria pinnatifida","volume":"61","author":"Quitain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)00545-3","article-title":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction for Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Carotenoids in Spirulina pacifica Algae: A Chemometric Approach","volume":"912","author":"Careri","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(03)00363-3","article-title":"Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Compounds with Pharmaceutical Importance from Microalgae","volume":"356","author":"Mendes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaw, K., Parat, M., Shaw, P., and Falconer, J. (2017). Solvent Supercritical Fluid Technologies to Extract Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources: A Review. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071186"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"463","article-title":"Supercritical Fluids in Separation and Purification: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Manjare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.04.030","article-title":"Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plants, Food-by-Products, Seaweeds and Microalgae\u2014An Update","volume":"116","author":"Gallego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd, N., Draman, S., Salleh, M., and Yusof, N. (2017). Dissolution of Cellulose in Ionic Liquid: A Review. AIP Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics Inc.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4975450"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1021\/ja025790m","article-title":"Dissolution of Cellose with Ionic Liquids","volume":"124","author":"Swatloski","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2012.07.020","article-title":"Application of Ionic Liquid for Extraction and Separation of Bioactive Compounds from Plants","volume":"904","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-016-0972-7","article-title":"A Comparison of Protocols for Isolating and Concentrating Protein from the Green Seaweed Ulva ohnoi","volume":"29","author":"Angell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13082","article-title":"Perspective of Membrane Technology in Dairy Industry: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.048","article-title":"In Intro Antioxidant Activities of Different Sulfated Polysaccharides from Chlorophytan Seaweeds Ulva fasciata","volume":"59","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araki, C. (1966, January 25\u201328). Some Recent Studies on the Polysaccharides of Agarophytes. Proceedings of the Fifth International Seaweed Symposium, Halifax, NS, Canada.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-011841-3.50007-0"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.11.013","article-title":"Extraction and Quantification of Phycobiliproteins from the Red Alga Furcellaria lumbricalis","volume":"37","author":"Saluri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.12.039","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Macromolecular Protein R-Phycoerythrin from Portieria hornemannii","volume":"55","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"21","article-title":"Comprehensive Extraction of Agar and R-Phycoerythrin from Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)","volume":"42","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Geo-Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2015.03.002","article-title":"Micropropagation and Protein Profile Analysis by SDS-PAGE of Gracilaria changii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae)","volume":"1","author":"Jong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Crude Proteins, Total Soluble Proteins, Total Phenolic Contents and SDS-PAGE Profile of Fifteen Varieties of Seaweed from Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia","volume":"22","author":"Rosni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuji, A., Kuwamura, S., Shirai, A., and Yuasa, K. (2017). Identification and Characterization of a 25 KDa Protein That Is Indispensable for the Efficient Saccharification of Eisenia bicyclis in the Digestive Fluid of Aplysia kurodai. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170669"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.06.023","article-title":"Assessment of the Functional Properties of Protein Extracted from the Brown Seaweed Himanthalia elongata (Linnaeus) S. F. Gray","volume":"99","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"819","article-title":"Glycoprotein Extraction from Laminaria japonica Promotes IEC-6 Cell Proliferation","volume":"24","author":"Go","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1992","article-title":"Chemical and Mass Spectrometry Characterization of the Red Alga Pyropia yezoensis Chemoprotective Protein (PYP): Protective Activity of the N-Terminal Fragment of PYP1 against Acetaminophen-Induced Cell Death in Chang Liver Cells","volume":"35","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.05.037","article-title":"Characterization of Spanish Powdered Seaweeds: Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Technological Properties","volume":"111","author":"Fuentes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.06.145","article-title":"Seaweeds from the Portuguese Coast as a Source of Proteinaceous Material: Total and Free Amino Acid Composition Profile","volume":"269","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.07.047","article-title":"Extraction of Proteins from Two Marine Macroalgae, Ulva sp. and Gracilaria sp., for Food Application, and Evaluating Digestibility, Amino Acid Composition and Antioxidant Properties of the Protein Concentrates","volume":"87","author":"Kazir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.05.007","article-title":"Effect of Stabilization Method and Freeze\/Thaw-Aided Precipitation on Structural and Functional Properties of Proteins Recovered from Brown Seaweed (Saccharina latissima)","volume":"96","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.12.058","article-title":"Studies on the Functional Properties of Protein Concentrate of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty\u2014An Edible Seaweed","volume":"153","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.08.022","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Iodinated Amino Acid Extraction from Edible Seaweed before Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"1309","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/17\/7969\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:54:26Z","timestamp":1760165666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/17\/7969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["app11177969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11177969","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]}}}