{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:49:55Z","timestamp":1777546195032,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Sabah","award":["AD88337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AD88337"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To solve different kinds of optimization challenges, meta-heuristic algorithms have been extensively used. Population initialization plays a prominent role in meta-heuristic algorithms for the problem of optimization. These algorithms can affect convergence to identify a robust optimum solution. To investigate the effectiveness of diversity, many scholars have a focus on the reliability and quality of meta-heuristic algorithms for enhancement. To initialize the population in the search space, this dissertation proposes three new low discrepancy sequences for population initialization instead of uniform distribution called the WELL sequence, Knuth sequence, and Torus sequence. This paper also introduces a detailed survey of the different initialization methods of PSO and DE based on quasi-random sequence families such as the Sobol sequence, Halton sequence, and uniform random distribution. For well-known benchmark test problems and learning of artificial neural network, the proposed methods for PSO (TO-PSO, KN-PSO, and WE-PSO), BA (BA-TO, BA-WE, and BA-KN), and DE (DE-TO, DE-WE, and DE-KN) have been evaluated. The synthesis of our strategies demonstrates promising success over uniform random numbers using low discrepancy sequences. The experimental findings indicate that the initialization based on low discrepancy sequences is exceptionally stronger than the uniform random number. Furthermore, our work outlines the profound effects on convergence and heterogeneity of the proposed methodology. It is expected that a comparative simulation survey of the low discrepancy sequence would be beneficial for the investigator to analyze the meta-heuristic algorithms in detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11178190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1630933765000},"page":"8190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Studying the Impact of Initialization for Population-Based Algorithms with Low-Discrepancy Sequences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Adnan","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IT Support Center, GC Women University Sialkot, Punjab 51310, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Sobia","family":"Pervaiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Abasyn University, Islamabad 45710, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Waqas","family":"Haider Bangyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5797-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashif","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1793-5905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ag. Asri","family":"Ag. Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel j. P. C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Tecnologia, Campus Petr\u00f4nio Portela, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3638-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danda B.","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science and Cybersecurity Center, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2020.103935","article-title":"Mining top high utility association rules using binary differential evolution","volume":"96","author":"Krishna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. 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