{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T17:22:20Z","timestamp":1775928140683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite developments and advances in dental materials which allow for greater restorative performance, there are still challenges and questions regarding the formulation of new compositions and chemical reactions of materials used in restorative dentistry. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the mechanical and tribological characteristics of a bioactive resin, a composite resin, and a glass ionomer. Twenty specimens of each material were divided into two groups: one control group (n = 10), not subjected to thermocycling, and one test group (n = 10) submitted to thermocycling. The Vickers microhardness test was carried out and surface roughness was evaluated. The tribological sliding indentation test was chosen. The bioactive resin had the lowest hardness, followed by the composite resin, and the glass ionomer. The bioactive resin also showed greater resistance to fracture. For the tribological test, the wear rate was lower for the bioactive resin, followed by the composite resin, and the glass ionomer. The bioactive resin presented a smooth surface without visible cracks, while the other materials presented a brittle peeling of great portions of material. Thus, the bioactive resin performs better in relation to fracture toughness, wear rate and impact absorption than the composite resin and much better than the glass ionomer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11178256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1630925952000},"page":"8256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mechanical and Tribological Characterization of a Bioactive Composite Resin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elsa Reis","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC.IBILI Consortium, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela Baptista","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC.IBILI Consortium, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9269-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Miguel","family":"Marto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC.IBILI Consortium, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pathology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5968-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Marques","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC.IBILI Consortium, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Endodontics, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Vilhena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7004-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5759-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice","family":"Carrilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Area of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC.IBILI Consortium, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572009000500003","article-title":"Glass ionomer cements and their role in the restoration of non-carious cervical lesions","volume":"17","author":"Francisconi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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