{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:37:33Z","timestamp":1773232653211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00c1mparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Sergipe (FAPITEC) (PROCESSO: 88887.159533\/2017-00 extra\u00e7\u00e3o, encap-sula\u00e7\u00e3o e caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de bioativos para o interesse biotecnologico) and Conse","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Every year, more than thirty thousand tons of Cashew gum (Anacardium occidentale, family: Anacardiaceae) are produced in Brazil; however, only a small amount is used for different applications in foodstuff and in pharmaceutical industries. As a raw material for the production of drug delivery systems, cashew gum is still regarded as an innovative compound worth to be exploited. In this work, cashew gum was extracted from the crude exudate of cashew tree employing four methodologies resulting in a light brown powder in different yields (40.61% to 58.40%). The total ashes (0.34% to 1.05%) and moisture (12.90% to 14.81%) were also dependent on the purification approach. FTIR spectra showed the typical bands of purified cashew gum samples, confirming their suitability for the development of a pharmaceutical product. Cashew gum nanoparticles were produced by nanoprecipitation resulting in particles of low polydispersity (&lt;0.2) and an average size depending on the percentage of the oil. The zeta potential of nanoparticles was found to be below 20 mV, which promotes electrostatic stability. Encapsulation efficiencies were above 99.9%, while loading capacity increased with the increase of the percentage of the oil content of particles. The release of the oil from the nanoparticles followed the Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas kinetics model, while particles did not show any signs of toxicity when tested in three distinct cell lines (LLC-MK2, HepG2, and THP-1). Our study highlights the potential added value of using a protein-, lignans-, and nucleic acids-enriched resin obtained from crude extract as a new raw material for the production of drug delivery systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T21:45:57Z","timestamp":1631483157000},"page":"8467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cashew Gum (Anacardium occidentale) as a Potential Source for the Production of Tocopherol-Loaded Nanoparticles: Formulation, Release Profile and Cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kahynna C.","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Heyrovsk\u00e9ho N\u00e1mest\u00ed 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Heyrovsk\u00e9ho N\u00e1mest\u00ed 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology of Polymer Materials, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Heyrovsk\u00e9ho N\u00e1mest\u00ed 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Isabel B.","family":"Lima-Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Heyrovsk\u00e9ho N\u00e1mest\u00ed 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Leandro S.","family":"Sangenito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 L. S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Estudos Avan\u00e7ados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Paulo de G\u00f3es, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3618-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco V.","family":"Chaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technological and Environmental Processes, Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO), Rod. Raposo Tavares, Km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Hernane S.","family":"Barud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biopol\u00edmeros e Biomateriais (BioPolMat), Universidade de Araraquara-Uniara, Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4873-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f4nica F. La R.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Control Core of Medicines and Correlates (NCQMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-520, PE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo L. C. de","family":"Albuquerque-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana C.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, SE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P\u00f3lo das Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marcelo da Costa","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Aracaju 49010-390, SE, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Prospec\u00e7\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica: Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da goma do cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale) em nanotecnologia","volume":"3","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Geintec-Gest. Inov. E Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.02.042","article-title":"Gums\u2019 based delivery systems: Review on cashew gum and its derivatives","volume":"147","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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