{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:59:52Z","timestamp":1770749992785,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article studies the power-ordered Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) techniques associated with Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes, adopted for use in the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G). Both conventional and cooperative NOMA are studied, associated with Single Carrier with Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) and massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). Billions of Internet of Things (IoT) devices are aimed to be incorporated by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, requiring more efficient use of the spectrum. NOMA techniques have the potential to support that goal and represent strong candidates for incorporation into future releases of 5G. This article shows that combined schemes associated with both conventional and cooperative LDPC-coded NOMA achieve good performance while keeping the computational complexity at an acceptable level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1631913809000},"page":"8684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["On the Performance of LDPC-Coded Massive MIMO Schemes with Power-Ordered NOMA Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5498-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Marques da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Aut\u00f3noma de Lisboa, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Autonoma TechLab, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8520-7267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Autonoma TechLab, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Nova, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gelson","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Aut\u00f3noma de Lisboa, 1169-023 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, K., Liu, T., and Zhou, L. (2015, January 15\u201317). Industry 4.0: Towards future industrial opportunities and challenges. Proceedings of the 2015 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD), Zhangjiajie, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2015.7382284"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques da Silva, M., and Guerreiro, J. (2020). On the 5G and beyond. Appl. Sci., 10, Available online: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/20\/7091.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207091"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraereh, O.A., Alsaraira, A., Khan, I., and Uthansakul, P. (2019). An efficient resource allocation algorithm for OFDM-based NOMA in 5G systems. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8121399"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2005.851753","article-title":"Quasi-cyclic LDPC codes for fast encoding","volume":"51","author":"Myung","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., and Xu, J. (2008, January 12\u201314). Structured LDPC applied in IMT-advanced system. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications Networking and Mobile Computing, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiCom.2008.368"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2007, January 2). IMT-Advanced Group. IMT-A_LTE+_07061 LDPC coding for PHY of LTE+ air interface. Proceedings of the IMT-Advanced Group 4th Meeting, Tel Aviv, Israel."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Xu, J., Xu, J., and Hu, L. (2020, January 15\u201319). LDPC design for 5G NR URLLC & mMTC. Proceedings of the 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC48107.2020.9148187"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4084","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4084","article-title":"Cross-layer 1 and 5 user grouping\/power allocation\/subcarrier allocations for downlink OFDMA\/NOMA video communications","volume":"32","author":"Tseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-018-1286-z","article-title":"Optimal power allocation in NOMA-based two-path successive AF relay systems","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.05.002","article-title":"Energy efficiency maximization by joint transmission scheduling and resource allocation in downlink NOMA cellular network","volume":"159","author":"Uddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1500657CM","article-title":"Application of non-orthogonal multiple access in LTE and 5G networks","volume":"55","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques da Silva, M., and Dinis, R. (2021). Power-ordered NOMA with massive MIMO for 5G systems. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083541"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2017.06.002","article-title":"A simplified massive MIMO implemented with pre or post-processing","volume":"25","author":"Dinis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/telecom1010002","article-title":"A low complexity channel estimation and detection for massive MIMO using SC-FDE","volume":"1","author":"Dinis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telecom"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.747","article-title":"Joint multi-user detection and intersymbol interference cancellation for WCDMA satellite UMTS","volume":"21","author":"Correia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"6671371","article-title":"Joint user pairing and power allocation scheme based on transmission mode switching between NOMA-based maximum ratio transmission and MMSE beamforming in downlink MISO systems","volume":"2021","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2943601","article-title":"Cross PHY\/APP layer user grouping and power allocation for uplink multi-antenna NOMA video communication systems","volume":"14","author":"Tseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H., Kim, H., Kang, G.-M., Nguyen, K.-H., Bui, V.-P., and Shin, O.-S. (2020). A survey on non-orthogonal multiple access: From the perspective of spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13164106"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/18\/8684\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:26Z","timestamp":1760166086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/18\/8684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["app11188684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11188684","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]}}}