{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:34:09Z","timestamp":1760236449436,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project ECU\/7\/006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ECU\/7\/006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ecuadorian Research Foundation","award":["Project PROMETEO-CEB-014-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project PROMETEO-CEB-014-2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As in other large Andean cities, the population in the Metropolitan District of Quito (MDQ) in northern Ecuador is growing, and groundwater is becoming essential to meet the increasing urban water demand. Quito\u2019s Public Water Supply Company (EPMAPS) is promoting groundwater research for sustainable water supply, and geophysical prospecting surveys are used to define aquifer geometry and certain transient groundwater features. This paper examines the usefulness of existing geophysical prospecting surveys in groundwater research in the MDQ. A database was built using 23 representative geophysical prospecting surveys compiled from EPMAPS\u2019 public repository, official geotechnical research reports, and the scientific literature. Fifteen EPMAPS-promoted surveys used near-surface electrical techniques (seven used electrical resistivity tomography and eight used vertical electrical sounding) to explore Holocene and Pleistocene sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary formations in the 25\u2013500-m prospecting depth range, some of which form shallow aquifers used for water supply. Four other surveys used near-surface seismic techniques (refraction microtremor) for geotechnical research in civil works. These surveys have been reinterpreted to define shallow aquifer geometry. Finally, four surveys compiled from the scientific literature used electromagnetic techniques (magnetotelluric sounding and other very low-frequency methods) to explore Holocene to late Pliocene formations, some of which form thick regional aquifers catalogued as the larger freshwater reservoirs in the MDQ. However, no geophysical prospecting surveys exploring the complete saturated thickness of the Pliocene aquifers could be compiled. Geophysical prospecting surveys with greater penetration depth are proposed to bridge this research gap, which prevents the accurate assessment of the renewable groundwater fraction of the regional aquifers in the MDQ that can be exploited sustainably.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app112311144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T04:01:28Z","timestamp":1637812888000},"page":"11144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Usefulness of Compiled Geophysical Prospecting Surveys in Groundwater Research in the Metropolitan District of Quito in Northern Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lilia","family":"Pe\u00f1afiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Empresa P\u00fablica Metropolitana de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Quito (EPMAPS), Quito 17-03-0330, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8165-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Alcal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Desertificaci\u00f3n y Geo-Ecolog\u00eda, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental de Zonas \u00c1ridas (EEZA-CSIC), 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 7500138, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1818-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Senent-Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04141","article-title":"Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions","volume":"438","author":"Barnett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128087","article-title":"Threats to water supplies in the Tropical Andes","volume":"312","author":"Bradley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-471-2011","article-title":"Climate change and mountain water resources: Overview and recommendations for research, management and policy","volume":"15","author":"Viviroli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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