{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T17:11:44Z","timestamp":1771607504458,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/CTM\/00264\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/00264\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the prevalence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for disposable facemasks has become a global issue. Unfortunately, the use of these products has negative effects on the environment, and therefore, the use of biodegradable materials is a powerful strategy to overcome this challenge. Aligned with this concept, in this work, biodegradable facemasks were developed using poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) (PCL) polymer and cotton natural fibers. The filter layer was produced using an electrospinning technique, since electrospun membranes present remarkable characteristics for air filtration. The electrospun membranes were functionalized with different nanoparticles (NPs), including silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and magnesium oxide (MgO), in order to include new properties, namely antibacterial effect. The developed membranes were characterized by FESEM, EDS, ATR-FTIR, GSDR and TGA, which confirmed the successful impregnation of NPs onto PCL membranes. The antibacterial effect and filtration efficiency were assessed, with the PCL\/MgO NPs membrane presenting better results, showing inhibition zone diameters of 25.3 and 13.5 mm against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, and filtration efficiency of 99.4%. Three facemask prototypes were developed, and their filtration efficiency, air permeability and thermal comfort were evaluated. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of PCL\/NPs electrospun membranes to act as an active and biodegradable filter layer in facemasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12010067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T10:24:52Z","timestamp":1640168692000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Antibacterial and Biodegradable Electrospun Filtering Membranes for Facemasks: An Attempt to Reduce Disposable Masks Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sofia M.","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biol\u00f3gica e Qu\u00edmica (UMLDBQ, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar), Av. Dr. Alfredo Bensa\u00fade, 1849-012 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biol\u00f3gica e Qu\u00edmica (UMLDBQ, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar), Av. Dr. Alfredo Bensa\u00fade, 1849-012 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Bem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biol\u00f3gica e Qu\u00edmica (UMLDBQ, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar), Av. Dr. Alfredo Bensa\u00fade, 1849-012 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2735-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7862-4687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana P.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140279","article-title":"COVID-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment","volume":"737","author":"Fadare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139611","article-title":"The need for fully bio-based facemasks to counter coronavirus outbreaks: A perspective","volume":"736","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2021.100218","article-title":"Potential biodegradable face mask to counter environmental impact of COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Pandit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clean. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12880","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b01508","article-title":"Ecofriendly Electrospun Membranes Loaded with Visible-Light-Responding Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Usages: Highly Efficient Air Filtration, Dye Scavenging, and Bactericidal Activity","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamun, A., Blachowicz, T., and Sabantina, L. (2021). Electrospun Nanofiber Mats for Filtering Applications-Technology, Structure and Materials. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091368"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo-Figuerez, M., Chiva-Flor, A., Figueroa-Lopez, K., Prieto, C., and Lagaron, J.M. (2021). Antimicrobial Nanofiber Based Filters for High Filtration Efficiency Respirators. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11040900"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Afshari, M. (2017). 17\u2014Electrospun nanofibers for filtration applications. Electrospun Nanofibers, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, K., Gogins, M., and Schreuder-Gibson, H. (2004). Incorporation of Electrospun Nanofibers into Functional Structures. Int. Nonwovens J., 13.","DOI":"10.1177\/1558925004os-1300209"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116794","article-title":"Ultra-fine electrospun nanofibrous membranes for multicomponent wastewater treatment: Filtration and adsorption","volume":"242","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104808","article-title":"Chitosan\/nanocellulose electrospun fibers with enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activity for wound dressing applications","volume":"159","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandaker, M., Progri, H., Arasu, D.T., Nikfarjam, S., and Shamim, N. (2021). Use of Polycaprolactone Electrospun Nanofiber Mesh in a Face Mask. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154272"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002","article-title":"The return of a forgotten polymer\u2014Polycaprolactone in the 21st century","volume":"35","author":"Woodruff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francavilla, P., Ferreira, D.P., Ara\u00fajo, J.C., and Fangueiro, R. (2021). Smart Fibrous Structures Produced by Electrospinning Using the Combined Effect of PCL\/Graphene Nanoplatelets. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11031124"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.126564","article-title":"ZnO\/Ag nanoparticles incorporated multifunctional parallel side by side nanofibers for air filtration with enhanced removing organic contaminants and antibacterial properties","volume":"621","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102316","article-title":"An overview on nanoparticles used in biomedicine and their cytotoxicity","volume":"61","author":"Nikzamir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, J.C., Fangueiro, R., and Ferreira, D.P. (2021). Protective Multifunctional Fibrous Systems Based on Natural Fibers and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Polymer, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13162654"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246012","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/246012","article-title":"Alternative Antimicrobial Approach: Nano-Antimicrobial Materials","volume":"2015","author":"Beyth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, M.A., Albetran, H.M., Alheshibri, M.H., Timoumi, A., Algarou, N.A., Akhtar, S., Slimani, Y., Almessiere, M.A., Alahmari, F.S., and Baykal, A. (2020). Synthesis of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers and Characterization of Their Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potential against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090572"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, E., Gomes, D., Esteruelas, G., Bonilla, L., Lopez-Machado, A.L., Galindo, R., Cano, A., Espina, M., Ettcheto, M., and Camins, A. (2020). Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview. Nanomater, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020292"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S121956","article-title":"The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: Present situation and prospects for the future","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.04.094","article-title":"Efficient nanoparticles removal and bactericidal action of electrospun nanofibers membranes for air filtration","volume":"102","author":"Bortolassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6272983","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6272983","article-title":"A Novel Hierarchical Structured Poly(lactic acid)\/Titania Fibrous Membrane with Excellent Antibacterial Activity and Air Filtration Performance","volume":"2016","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"185","article-title":"Production of Nanofibers Containing Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles for the Purpose of Bioaerosol Removal","volume":"6","author":"Dehghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pollution"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.033","article-title":"Recent advances in post-modification strategies of polymeric electrospun membranes","volume":"105","author":"Sagitha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.021","article-title":"Electrospun antibacterial polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membranes functionalized with silver nanoparticles by a facile wetting method","volume":"108","author":"Kharaghani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, D., Ferreira, A., and Fangueiro, R. (2018). Searching for Natural Conductive Fibrous Structures via a Green Sustainable Approach Based on Jute Fibers and Silver Nanoparticles. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10010063"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03564-1","article-title":"In-situ synthesis of CaO and SiO2 nanoparticles onto jute fabrics: Exploring the multifunctionality","volume":"28","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, S.M., Ferreira, D.P., Ferreira, A., Vaz, F., and Fangueiro, R. (2018). Multifunctional Flax Fibres Based on the Combined Effect of Silver and Zinc Oxide (Ag\/ZnO) Nanostructures. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8121069"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1454","article-title":"Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of titanium dioxide nanoparticle distribution after intravenous and subcutaneous injection in mice","volume":"29","author":"Patri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.003","article-title":"Obtaining titanium dioxide nanoparticles with spherical shape and antimicrobial properties using M. citrifolia leaves extract by hydrothermal method","volume":"171","author":"Sundrarajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s40995-016-0076-x","article-title":"Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles Using Artemisia abrotanum Herba Extract and Their Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Properties","volume":"42","author":"Dobrucka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saied, E., Eid, A.M., Hassan, S.E.-D., Salem, S.S., Radwan, A.A., Halawa, M., Saleh, F.M., Saad, H.A., Saied, E.M., and Fouda, A. (2021). The Catalytic Activity of Biosynthesized Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) for Inhibiting the Growth of Pathogenic Microbes, Tanning Effluent Treatment, and Chromium Ion Removal. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11070821"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palacios Hinestroza, H., Urena-Saborio, H., Zurita, F., Guerrero de Le\u00f3n, A.A., Sundaram, G., and Sulbar\u00e1n-Rangel, B. (2020). Nanocellulose and Polycaprolactone Nanospun Composite Membranes and Their Potential for the Removal of Pollutants from Water. Mol., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030683"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2016.1171877","article-title":"Gentamicin Loaded Electrospun Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/TiO2 Nanocomposite Membranes with Antibacterial Property against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"55","author":"Nandagopal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6639","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13066639","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylene Glycol Mediated Silver Nanoparticles by the Green Method","volume":"13","author":"Shameli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pais, V., Navarro, M., Guise, C., Martins, R., and Fangueiro, R. (2021). Hydrophobic performance of electrospun fibers functionalized with TiO2 nanoparticles. Text. Res. J.","DOI":"10.1177\/00405175211010669"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"14","article-title":"Solar Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Azo Dyes in Presence of Anatase Titanium Dioxide","volume":"2","author":"Dey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Latest Res. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2019.01.003","article-title":"The electrochemical behavior, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of phytofabricated MgO nanoparticles using Withania somnifera leaf extract","volume":"4","author":"Raveesha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105346","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of real textile and tannery effluent using biosynthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs), heavy metal adsorption, phytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity","volume":"9","author":"Fouda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2016-0219","article-title":"Characterization and low-cost, green synthesis of Zn2+ doped MgO nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Shafiee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Process. Synth."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"104019","article-title":"Mineralization of Azo Dye Using Combined Photo-Fenton and Photocatalytic Processes under Visible Light","volume":"2013","author":"Kuriechen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367072","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/367072","article-title":"The Photocatalytic Inactivation Effect of Fe-Doped TiO2 Nanocomposites on Leukemic HL60 Cells-Based Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"2012","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Photoenergy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.05.059","article-title":"Biosynthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoflakes by using leaf extract of Bauhinia purpurea and evaluation of its antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"91","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C. Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12051","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/577\/1\/012051","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and antibacterial activity of Magnesium Oxide ({MgO}) nanoparticles","volume":"577","author":"Almontasser","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6544","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA10009A","article-title":"A comprehensive review on antimicrobial face masks: An emerging weapon in fighting pandemics","volume":"11","author":"Pullangott","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-015-1709-9","article-title":"Electrospun Polycaprolactone Membrane Incorporated with Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles as Effective Wound Dressing Material","volume":"176","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.812.66","article-title":"Smart and Sustainable Materials for Military Applications Based on Natural Fibres and Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"812","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1021\/es803450f","article-title":"Potent Antibacterial Activities of Ag\/TiO2 Nanocomposite Powders Synthesized by a One-Pot Sol\u2212Gel Method","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103370","article-title":"Green synthesis of TiO2 NPs\/pristine pomegranate peel extract nanocomposite and its antimicrobial activity for water disinfection","volume":"7","author":"Jaradat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00875G","article-title":"An insight into the mechanism of antibacterial activity by magnesium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00217A","article-title":"Magnesium oxide-incorporated electrospun membranes inhibit bacterial infections and promote the healing process of infected wounds","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2018.12.0474","article-title":"Fabrication of Fiber Filters with Antibacterial Properties for VOC and Particle Removal","volume":"19","author":"Juuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essa, W.K., Yasin, S.A., Saeed, I.A., and Ali, G.A.M. (2021). Nanofiber-Based Face Masks and Respirators as COVID-19 Protection: A Review. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11040250"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2016.1162228","article-title":"Optimization of electrospinning parameters for polyacrylonitrile-MgO nanofibers applied in air filtration","volume":"66","author":"Dehghan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65275","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA12320A","article-title":"An electrospun polycarbonate nanofibrous membrane for high efficiency particulate matter filtration","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162353","article-title":"Time dependent infrared thermographic evaluation of facemasks","volume":"54","author":"Luximon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarano, A., Inchingolo, F., and Lorusso, F. (2020). Facial Skin Temperature and Discomfort When Wearing Protective Face Masks: Thermal Infrared Imaging Evaluation and Hands Moving the Mask. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134624"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/1\/67\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:51:07Z","timestamp":1760169067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/1\/67"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["app12010067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12010067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]}}}