{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:32:54Z","timestamp":1773246774726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-CON\/29196\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-CON\/29196\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPL\/ECI-EGC\/0288\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/ECI-EGC\/0288\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) as sole precursor to produce alkali-activated mortars has been experimentally investigated. EAFS, a by-product of the steel recycling industry, is a coarse material with unevenly distributed and size-extensive particles. Milling of EAFS was required to achieve a cement-like sized powder before it could be used as precursor. Different combinations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) were used, by varying the Na2O\/binder concentration (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%) and SiO2\/Na2O ratio (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5) to maximize the mechanical performance. The alkaline solutions were prepared 24 h prior to mixing to unify temperatures for all mixes. The results showed that the SiO2\/Na2O ratio and strength development are directly proportional. The maximum 28-day compressive strength obtained, after being subjected to an initial 24 h thermal curing at 80 \u00b0C, was 9.1 MPa in mixes with 4% Na2O\/binder and 2.5 SiO2\/Na2O. However, after an additional 28 days of accelerated carbonation, the maximum compressive strength (i.e., 31 MPa compared to 3.9 MPa in uncarbonated mixes, corresponding to an 800% increase) was obtained in mixes with 12% and 1.0 for Na2O\/binder and SiO2\/Na2O, respectively, thus showing an alteration in the optimal alkaline activator contents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"1662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Performance Enhancement of Alkali-Activated Electric Arc Furnace Slag Mortars through an Accelerated CO2 Curing Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7194-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dany","family":"Kassim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghandy","family":"Lamaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2276-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Vasco","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\u2014Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Worldometer (2021, November 29). Current World Population, World Population Sections. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"DBS Group Research (2021, November 29). Production of cement in China from 1970 to 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/307647\/china-production-volume-of-cement\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"US Geological Survey (2021). 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