{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T20:49:03Z","timestamp":1775076543829,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Healthcare units consist of numerous people circulating daily, such as workers, patients, and companions, and these people are vehicles for the transmission of microorganisms, such as bacteria. Bacteria species may have different allergenic, pathogenic, infectious, or toxic properties that can affect humans. Hospital settings foment the proliferation of bacteria due to characteristics present in the indoor hospital environment. This review article aims to identify the potential health effects caused by bacterial contamination in the context of healthcare units, both in patients and in workers. A search was carried out for articles published in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, between 1 January 2000 and 31 October 2021, using the descriptor hospital exposure assessment bacteria. This bibliographic research found a total of 13 articles. Bacteria transmission occurs mainly due to the contact between healthcare workers and patients or through the handling of\/contact with contaminated instruments or surfaces. The most common bacterial contaminants are Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus, and the principal health effects of these contaminants are hospital-acquired infections and infections in immunocompromised people. A tight control of the disinfection methods is thus required, and its frequency must be increased to remove the microbial contamination of wards, surfaces and equipment. A better understanding of seasonal variations is important to prevent peaks of contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12041958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T20:32:30Z","timestamp":1644784350000},"page":"1958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Exposure and Health Effects of Bacteria in Healthcare Units: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2879-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Nacional de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edna","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1545-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC\u2014Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6615-5289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Cabo Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7751-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Sousa-Uva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Nacional de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01273.x","article-title":"Prevalence surveys of healthcare-associated infections: What do they tell us, if anything?","volume":"12","author":"Humphreys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. 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