{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T04:53:09Z","timestamp":1768193589324,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NORTE 2020 Portugal Regional Operational Program","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-028178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-028178"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["2020.00215.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00215.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020","award":["SFRH\/BD\/137529\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/137529\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>CMOS photodiodes have been widely reported in microsystem applications. This article presents the design and numerical simulation of p\u2013n junction photodiodes, using COMSOL Multiphysics, for three CMOS technologies (0.18 \u03bcm, 0.35 \u03bcm and 0.7 \u03bcm) and three different p\u2013n junction structures: n+\/p-substrate, p+\/n-well and n-well\/p-substrate. For these simulations, the depth junctions and dopant concentrations were set according to the different technologies. Then, each photodiode was spectrophotometrically characterized regarding the current, responsivity and quantum efficiency. The obtained numerical results show that the 0.18 and 0.35 \u03bcm CMOS technologies are those with the highest peak of efficiency when visible spectral ranges are needed, comparative to the 0.7 \u00b5m technology. Furthermore, the three most common p\u2013n vertical junction photodiode structures were compared. The n+\/p-substrate junction photodiode appears to be the one with the highest quantum efficiency in the visible range, which is in agreement with the literature. It can be concluded that the photodiodes\u2019 characteristic curves and dark current values are consistent with reports in the literature. Therefore, this numerical approach allows to predict the photodiodes\u2019 performance, helping to select the best structural design for each required application, before their microfabrication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T08:37:16Z","timestamp":1646210236000},"page":"2580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Simulation Study of Vertical p\u2013n Junction Photodiodes\u2019 Optical Performance According to CMOS Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gabriel M.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-122 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-122 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"INL\u2014International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2460-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Minas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-122 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-0710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana O.","family":"Catarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-122 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2691046","article-title":"CMOS Integrated Photodetectors and Light-to-Frequency Converters for Spectrophotometric Measurements","volume":"17","author":"Correia","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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