{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T23:28:37Z","timestamp":1772839717716,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RH LAETA UBS 23\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RH LAETA UBS 23\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The epiretinal membrane is a thin sheet of fibrous tissue that can form over the macular area of the retina, and may result in the loss of visual acuity or metamorphopsia, due to superficial retinal folds. A vitrectomy surgery, the current treatment procedure for this pathology, is only performed after symptoms are present. However, sometimes the patients do not present any vision improvements after the surgery. The use of computational methods for a patient-specific biomechanical analysis can contribute to better understanding the mechanisms behind the success or failure of a vitrectomy. Using medical data from two patients who underwent a vitrectomy, one with substantial improvements and another with no improvements, an analysis of the retinal displacement due to the contraction of the epiretinal membrane was performed. Our results suggest a causal effect between the magnitude of the retinal displacements caused by the epiretinal membrane contraction and the outcome of the vitrectomy procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T09:24:53Z","timestamp":1646299493000},"page":"2623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Finite Element Analysis of the Epiretinal Membrane Contraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2859-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4310-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7079-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Torres-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Center S. Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Center S. Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3326-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco P. L.","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000360462","article-title":"Macular diseases: Epiretinal membrane","volume":"Volume 54","author":"Inoue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microincision Vitrectomy Surgery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000349","article-title":"Idiopathic epiretinal membrane","volume":"34","author":"Bu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014644","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014644","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of epiretinal membranes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S97722","article-title":"Epiretinal membrane: Optical coherence tomography-based diagnosis and classification","volume":"10","author":"Stevenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baamonde, S., de Moura, J., Novo, J., Rouco, J., and Ortega, M. (2017). Feature Definition and Selection for Epiretinal Membrane Characterization in Optical Coherence Tomography Images. International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68548-9_42"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900071","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography: An emerging technology for biomedical imaging and optical biopsy","volume":"2","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.10.014","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Vitreomacular Traction and Epiretinal Membrane Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"145","author":"Koizumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2010.544237","article-title":"Idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane surgery and ILM peeling: Anatomical and functional outcomes","volume":"Volume 26","author":"Pournaras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seminars in Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2006.04.001","article-title":"FEM simulation of the eye structure with bioheat analysis","volume":"82","author":"Ng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.09.011","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the fluid dynamics in vitreous cavity due to saccadic eye movement","volume":"34","author":"Abouali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2004.10.048","article-title":"Computational modeling of mechanical anisotropy in the cornea and sclera","volume":"31","author":"Pinsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055006","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/6\/5\/055006","article-title":"Finite element modeling of retinal prosthesis mechanics","volume":"6","author":"Basinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2013.869317","article-title":"Prediction of globe rupture caused by primary blast: A finite element analysis","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7506","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7942","article-title":"Numerical modeling of paintball impact ocular trauma: Identification of progressive injury mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"Gray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-017-0975-6","article-title":"Development of a finite-element eye model to investigate retinal hemorrhages in shaken baby syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Nadarasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840601154750","article-title":"Finite element model of stresses in the anterior lens capsule of the eye","volume":"10","author":"David","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"199","article-title":"Numerical simulation of bioheat transfer process in the human eye using finite element method","volume":"6","author":"Paruch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Res. Inst. Math. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2008.11.006","article-title":"Finite element model of ocular injury in abusive head trauma","volume":"13","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3311\/PPci.2136","article-title":"Biomechanical modelling of the accommodation problem of human eye","volume":"57","author":"Bocskai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Period. Polytechnica. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2885","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2885","article-title":"Finite element modeling, validation, and parametric investigations of a retinal reattachment stent","volume":"33","author":"Rusovici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S287","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-151316","article-title":"A method to determine the mechanical properties of the retina based on an experiment in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bio-Med. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2018.1447104","article-title":"Sensitivity of corneal biomechanical and optical behavior to material parameters using design of experiments method","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonini, I., and Pandolfi, A. (2015). Customized finite element modelling of the human cornea. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130426"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10659-014-9508-z","article-title":"Hyperelastic Energy Densities for Soft Biological Tissues: A Review","volume":"120","author":"Chagnon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Elast."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2015.1069602","article-title":"Infant eye finite element model to investigate retinal hemorrhages after fall and shaking events","volume":"18","author":"Nadarasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonet, J., and Wood, R.D. (2008). Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics for Finite Element Analysis, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511755446"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Pouca, M.C.P.V. (2017). Application of Anisotropic Visco-Hyperelastic Constitutive Models for the Simulation of Biological Tissues. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.P.S. (2016). Cell-Based Modelling to Early Detect Female Pelvic Floor Disorders: State-of-the-Art and Preliminary Results\u2014Seminar Report. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7825(97)00162-X","article-title":"A numerical model of passive and active behavior of skeletal muscles","volume":"151","author":"Martins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.11.025","article-title":"Retinal Thickness Measured by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Eyes without Retinal Abnormalities: The Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"159","author":"Myers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1104","article-title":"Retinal contraction and metamorphopsia scores in eyes with idiopathic epiretinal membrane","volume":"46","author":"Arimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/5\/2623\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:31:26Z","timestamp":1760135486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/5\/2623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["app12052623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12052623","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]}}}