{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:55:34Z","timestamp":1768690534301,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Centre","award":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"]}]},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"]}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Institute Cam\u00f5es","award":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Institute Cam\u00f5es","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FNI (Investigation National Fund\u2014Mozambique)","award":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/GEO\/04035\/2019"]}]},{"name":"FNI (Investigation National Fund\u2014Mozambique)","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to characterize and estimate risk assessment associated with geophagic materials consumption in Maputo city (Mozambique). Samples were collected in extraction mines, unprepared and prepared ones, and in Maputo markets. Fractions &lt; 2 mm (total consumed material) and &lt;63 \u03bcm were analyzed to determine pH, EC, OM, chemical composition (XRF), and mineral phases present (XRD). The results revealed pH from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, and electrical conductivity ranging from 13 to 47 \u03bcS\/cm in mine unprepared and prepared samples, while 264\u2013465 \u03bcS\/cm in sampled sold in markets. Organic matter content was &lt;2.76%, except in one sample (8.14%), suggesting a potential risk of containing bacteria. Textural analysis revealed that sand-size particles were more representative in all samples (57.2\u201393.02%). Mineralogical phases identified in the consumed sample were ranked quartz (&gt;60%) &gt; Fe oxides\/hidroxides &gt; phyllosilicates (micas and kaolinite) &gt; feldspars, suggesting a risk of dental enamel damage and perforation of the sigmoid colon. The chemical concentration of some elements was higher than recommended daily dose, suggesting a potential risk. However, geophagic materials\u2019 chemical composition does not pose a carcinogenic risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12104832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"4832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Geophagic Materials Characterization and Potential Impact on Human Health: The Case Study of Maputo City (Mozambique)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-2929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardino","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environment, Pedagogic University of Maputo, Av. do Trabalho, Maputo 2482, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6664-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Candeias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024262411676","article-title":"Clay Mineralogical and Related Characteristics of Geophagic Materials","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul, R.M., Arhin, E., and Arhin Jnr, A.A. (2021). Mineralogy and geochemistry of geophagic materials at Mfensi-Adankwame in the Ashanti region of Ghana and possible health implications the Ashanti region of Ghana and possible health implications. Geol. Ecol. Landsc., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/24749508.2021.1952775"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-020-01677-5","article-title":"I Like the Way You Eat It: Lemur (Indri indri) Gut Mycobiome and Geophagy","volume":"82","author":"Borruso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.12.1384","article-title":"Geophagia in man: Its nature and nutritional effects","volume":"21","author":"Halsted","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashao, U., Ekosse, G., Odiyo, J., and Bukalo, N. (2021). Geophagic practice in Mashau Village, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Heliyon, 7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06497"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0177-7","article-title":"Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh","volume":"31","author":"Kwong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekosse, G., Nkeng, G.E., Bukalo, N., and Oyebanjo, O. (2021). Geophagic Clays from Cameroon: Provenance, Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168315"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v16i4.13","article-title":"Prevalence of geophagia and its contributing factors among pregnant women at Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Pretoria","volume":"16","author":"Macheka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-019-00288-5","article-title":"Review of the nature of some geophagic materials and their potential health effects on pregnant women: Some examples from Africa","volume":"41","author":"Kambunga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120050021100","article-title":"Mineral and chemical analyses of soils eaten by humans in Indonesia","volume":"10","author":"Mahaney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020542810334","article-title":"The potential impact of geophagia on the bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium in human nutrition","volume":"24","author":"Hooda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-019-4668-6","article-title":"Sedimentary and residual clays from Santiago, Boavista e Fogo (Cape Verde): Assessment of their properties as geophagic materials","volume":"12","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-019-00253-2","article-title":"The geochemistry of geophagic material consumed in Onangama Village, Northern Namibia: A potential health hazard for pregnant women in the area","volume":"41","author":"Kambunga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kortei, N.K., Koryo-dabrah, A., Akonor, P.T., Yaw, N., Manaphraim, B., Ayim-akonor, M., Tettey, C., Boadi, N.O., Essuman, E.K., and Tettey, C. (2020). Potential health risk assessment of toxic metals contamination in clay eaten as pica (geophagia) among pregnant women of Ho in the Volta Region of Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 4.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.2.16641\/v2"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08589-4","article-title":"Ecological-health risk assessment and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil and plant around a copper smelter","volume":"192","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1086\/393377","article-title":"Morning sickness: A mechanism for protecting mother and embryo","volume":"75","author":"Flaxman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Soil-Transmitted Helminthic Infections and Geophagia among Pregnant Women in Jimma Town Health Institutions, Southwest Ethiopia","volume":"31","author":"Mestawet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-020-00632-0","article-title":"Cadmium and lead in geophagic clay consumed in Southern Nigeria: Health risk from such traditional nutraceutical","volume":"42","author":"Orisakwe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0b013e318232a034","article-title":"Geophagy during pregnancy in Africa: A literature review","volume":"66","author":"Njiru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, J.D., Collins, S.M., and Omotayo, M. (2018). Geophagic earths consumed by women in western Kenya contain dangerous levels of lead, arsenic, and iron. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 30.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23130"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2789","article-title":"Risks Associated with Geophagia in Ghana","volume":"8","author":"Woode","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Pure Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/09709274.2015.11906922","article-title":"Geophagic Practice in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"51","author":"Momoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-00960-9","article-title":"Geochemical and mineralogical composition of geophagic materials from Baringo town, Kenyan Rift Valley and their possible health effects on the consumers","volume":"43","author":"Gevera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4314\/mjz.v35i2.46512","article-title":"Geophagy as a Risk Factor for Helminth Infections in Pregnant Women in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"35","author":"Shinondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. J. Zambia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-015-9690-3","article-title":"Heavy metals and parasitic geohelminths toxicity among geophagous pregnant women: A case study of Nakuru Municipality, Kenya","volume":"38","author":"Odongo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210313","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2021.313","article-title":"Contamination level and risk assessment of heavy metals in the topsoil around cement factory: A case study","volume":"27","author":"Amiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candeias, C., Vicente, E., Rocha, F., and Paula \u00c1vila, A.C. (2020). Geochemical, Mineralogical and Morphological Characterization of Road Dust and Associated Health Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202001.0238.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105843","article-title":"Potentially toxic elements dynamics in the soil rhizospheric-plant system in the active volcano of Fogo (Cape Verde) and interactions with human health","volume":"209","author":"Candeias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11034","article-title":"The effect of temperature on the seepage transport of suspended particles in a porous medium","volume":"31","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Processes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680409700125","article-title":"Biochemical investigations in geophagia","volume":"97","author":"Dreyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000434","article-title":"The impact of consuming iron from non-food sources on iron status in developing countries","volume":"3","author":"Harvey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/08873639309478381","article-title":"Macroterme Geophagy and Pregnancy Clays in Southern Africa","volume":"14","author":"Hunter","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cult. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"19","article-title":"Geophagy in the tropics: An appraisal of three geophagical materials","volume":"19","author":"Abrahams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.5897\/SRE11.1556","article-title":"Nutrient bioaccessibility of geophagic soils from Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Ngole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Res. Essays"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1180\/clm.2019.38","article-title":"Assessment of clayey materials from Santa Maria (Azores, Portugal) for preparation of peloids","volume":"54","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clay Miner."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Savana (2021, November 10). Areia Que d\u00e1 Dinheiro e Doen\u00e7as. Maputo. Available online: https:\/\/macua.blogs.com\/moambique_para_todos\/2010\/06\/areia-que-d%C3%A1-dinheiro-e-doen%C3%A7as.html."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"MISAU (2021, November 10). Preven\u00e7\u00e3o da Anemia Por Defici\u00eancia de Ferro Nas Mulheres\u2014Material de Apoio Para o Aconselhamento nas Unidades Sanit\u00e1rias e Comunidades. Minist\u00e9rio de Sa\u00fade de Mo\u00e7ambique. Available online: https:\/\/www.mcsprogram.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/dlm_uploads\/2019\/02\/Mozambique-Flip-Chart-Anemia-2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06972","article-title":"Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Pediatric Infections Attributable to Ingestion of Fecally Contaminated Domestic Soils in Low-Income Urban Maputo, Mozambique","volume":"55","author":"Capone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"INE (2022, February 01). Estat\u00edsticas do Distrito Marracuene, Available online: http:\/\/www.ine.gov.mz\/estatisticas\/estatisticas-territorias-distritais\/maputo-provincia\/marco-de-2012\/distrito-de-marracuene.pdf\/view."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"CIAT (2017). Climate-Smart Agriculture in Mozambique. CSA Country Profiles for Africa Series, International Center for Tropical Agriculture, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Muchangos, A.D. (1999). Paisagens e Regi\u00f5es Naturais de Mo\u00e7ambique, Editora Escolar."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Vicente, E.M. (2011). Aspects of the Engineering Geologic of Maputo City. [Ph.D. Thesis, School of Geological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal-Durban]. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10413\/8078."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Momade, F.J., Ferrara, M., and Oliveira, J.T. (1996). Not\u00edcia Explicativa da Carta Geol\u00f3gica 2532 Maputo (Escala 1:50,000), Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de Geologia. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Munsell Color (2009). Munsell Soil Color Book, Munsell Colour Company. Inc.. Color Charts."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"USDA (2021, December 01). Soil Quality Indicators: pH. Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, Available online: http:\/\/soils.usda.gov."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-016-9834-0","article-title":"Health risk assessment through consumption of vegetables rich in heavy metals: The case study of the surrounding villages from Panasqueira mine, Central Portugal","volume":"39","author":"Candeias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"5929","article-title":"Physicochemical characteristics of geophagic clayey soils from South Africa and Swaziland","volume":"9","author":"Ngole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotech."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2016.08.005","article-title":"Heavy metal content and potential health risk of geophagic white clay from the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana","volume":"3","author":"Nkansah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"28","article-title":"Effect of Kaolin Consumption on Serum Heavy Metal Levels of Pregnant Women","volume":"9","author":"Akah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v11i3.4","article-title":"Physico-chemistry of geophagic soils ingested to relief nausea and vomiting during pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Diko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4314\/gjs.v61i2.13","article-title":"Characterization of the Geophagic Materials and Their Associated Rocks and Soils from Anfoega, Ghana","volume":"61","author":"Badu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ghana J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v23i2.70746","article-title":"Nutritive potential of some \u201cedible\u201d soils in Blantyre city, Malawi","volume":"23","author":"Lakudzala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malawi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23724","article-title":"Geophagy among nonhuman primates: A systematic review of current knowledge and suggestions for future directions","volume":"168","author":"Pebsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pento\u015b, K., Pieczarka, K., and Serwata, K. (2021). The relationship between soil electrical parameters and compaction of sandy clay loam soil. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11020114"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"79","article-title":"Mineralogical Profile of Geophagic Clayey Soils Sold in Selected South African Informal Markets","volume":"73","author":"Uchenna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"57","article-title":"Physico-chemical Characterization of Clayey Materials Consumed by Geophagism in Locality of Sabga (North-western Cameroon): Health Implications","volume":"8","author":"Daniel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8933","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120808933","article-title":"A comparative analysis of granulometry, mineral composition and major and trace element concentrations in soils commonly ingested by humans","volume":"12","author":"Ngole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-4352(05)01025-1","article-title":"Clays and Clay Minerals as Drugs","volume":"1","author":"Tateo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2004.472.476","article-title":"Modified Venezuelan Kaolin as Possible Antacid Drug","volume":"4","author":"Linares","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergaya, F., Theng, B.K.G., and Lagaly, G. (2006). Chapter 11.5 Clays and Human Health. Developments in Clay Science V.1, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-4352(05)01001-9"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.09.056","article-title":"Kaolinite in pharmaceutics and biomedicine","volume":"533","author":"Awad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"27","article-title":"Characterization Adsorption and Antibacterial Properties of Silver-Modified Kaolinite Clay from Kwi, Plateau State Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Enoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-021-04565-w","article-title":"Geophagic clay around Uteh-Uzalla near Benin: Mineral and trace elements compositions and possible health implications","volume":"3","author":"Asowata","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0579","article-title":"Geophagy in Northern Uganda: Perspectives from Consumers and Clinicians","volume":"95","author":"Huebl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyebanjo, O., and Ekosse, G. (2020). Health Risk Evaluation of Trace Elements in Geophagic Kaolinitic Clays within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134813"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"119","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of montmorillonite clays and their application in clinical practice","volume":"3","author":"Tishin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"97","article-title":"The influence of the concentration of montmorillonite containing sorbent and pH of the culture medium on the antibiotic sensitivity of Escherichia coli, as well as the effect of ground on growth of Escherichia","volume":"3","author":"Bukhanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmr030","article-title":"Efficacy of Dioctahedral Smectite in Acute Watery Diarrhea in Indian Children: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Mujawar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90355-3","article-title":"Geophagy is common among Luo women in western Kenya","volume":"93","author":"Prince","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyanza, E.C., Joseph, M., Premji, S.S., Thomas, D.S., and Mannion, C. (2014). Geophagy practices and the content of chemical elements in the soil eaten by pregnant women in artisanal and small-scale gold mining communities in Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-144"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s42860-018-0004-6","article-title":"Medicine Beneath Your Feet: A Biocultural Examination of the Risks and Benefits of Geophagy","volume":"67","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clays Miner."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cormick, G., and Beliz\u00e1n, J.M. (2019). Calcium Intake and Health. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071606"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"WHO Calcium Supplementation in Pregnant Women, World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/85120\/9789241505376_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"WHO Potassium Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241504829."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"EFSA (2021, December 02). Tolerable upper Intake Level on Vitamins and Minerals. European Food Safety Authority. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/efsa_rep\/blobserver_assets\/ndatolerableuil.pdf."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"WHO Sodium Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241504836."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"WHO Daily Iron Supplementation in Infants and Children, 44, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/204761\/9789241510196_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul, R.M., and Arhin, E. (2020). Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Geophagic Soils in Ghana: A Review. Eur. J. Environ. Earth Sci., 1.","DOI":"10.24018\/ejgeo.2020.1.3.9"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7041342","article-title":"The essential toxin: Impact of zinc on human health","volume":"7","author":"Plum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"NIH (2022, February 12). Zinc. National Institutes of Health, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/#h4."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa243","article-title":"Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"150","author":"Blachier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"WHO Ten Chemicals of Major Public Health, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/photo-story\/photo-story-detail\/10-chemicals-of-public-health-concern."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2021.128078","article-title":"Surface modification of magnesium with a novel composite coating for application in bone tissue engineering","volume":"433","author":"Braga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surface Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"NIH (2021, December 02). Magnesium. National Institutes of Health, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Magnesium-HealthProfessional\/#change."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4812651","article-title":"Tooth wear as a result of pica","volume":"199","author":"Barker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.5.887","article-title":"Dietary silicon intake and absorption","volume":"75","author":"Jugdaohsingh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400701597766","article-title":"Human health risk assessment for aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide","volume":"1","author":"Krewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_48_19","article-title":"Trace Elements in Human Nutrition (II)\u2013An Update","volume":"11","author":"Mehri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"WHO Barium and Barium Compounds, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42398\/9241530332.pdf;jsessionid=FD320B2DB2001150448F4403E41C0E98?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Moffet, D., Smith, C., Stevens, Y., Ingerman, L., Swarts, S., and Chappell, L. (2007). Toxicological Profile for Barium and Barium Compounds, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03049-5","article-title":"Environmental barium: Potential exposure and health-hazards","volume":"95","author":"Peana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"CCME (2022, February 15). Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environmental and Human Health-Nickel. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Available online: https:\/\/ccme.ca\/en\/res\/nickel-canadian-soil-quality-guidelines-for-the-protection-of-environmental-and-human-health-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.4783","article-title":"The toxicity of vanadium on gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive system, and its influence on fertility and fetuses malformations","volume":"71","author":"Wilk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"WHO Vanadium, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0016\/123082\/AQG2ndEd_6_12vanadium."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125771","article-title":"Cotransport of heavy metals and SiO2 particles at different temperatures by seepage","volume":"597","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Seal, R.R., and Bradley, D.C. (2017). Zirconium and hafnium, Chap. V, Critical Mineral Resources of the United States\u2014Economic and Environ Mental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp1802"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Temporal lead contamination and health risks of geophagia in Eldoret Municipality, Kenya","volume":"4","author":"Nthenya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/10\/4832\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:08:55Z","timestamp":1760137735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/10\/4832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["app12104832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12104832","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]}}}