{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T05:23:26Z","timestamp":1773552206600,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Santander Totta Bank","award":["2021-UBI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-UBI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The microalgae\u2013bacteria consortium is a promising and sustainable alternative for industrial wastewater treatment, since it may allow good removal of organic matter and nutrients, as well as the possibility of producing products with added value from the algae biomass. This research investigated the best bacterial and microalgae inoculation ratio for system start-up and evaluation of removing organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+\u2013N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2\u2212\u2013N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3\u2212\u2013N), phosphate phosphorus (PO43\u2212\u2013P) and biomass formation parameters in six photobioreactors with a total volume of 1000 mL. Reactors were operated for 14 days with the following ratios of pulp mill biomass aerobic (BA) and Scenedesmus sp. microalgae (MA): 0:1 (PBR1), 1:0 (PBR2), 1:1 (PBR3), 3:1 (PBR4), 5:1 (PBR5), and 1:3 (PBR6). Results show that COD removal was observed in just two days of operation in PBR4, PBR5, and PBR6, whereas for the other reactors (with a lower rate of initial inoculation) it took five days. The PBR5 and PBR6 performed better in terms of NH4+\u2013N removal, with 86.81% and 77.11%, respectively, which can be attributed to assimilation by microalgae and nitrification by bacteria. PBR6, with the highest concentration of microalgae, had the higher PO43\u2212\u2013P removal (86%), showing the advantage of algae in consortium with bacteria for phosphorus uptake. PBR4 and PBR5, with the highest BA, led to a better biomass production and sedimentability on the second day of operation, with flocculation efficiencies values over 90%. Regarding the formation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), protein production was substantially higher in PBR4 and PBR5, with more BA, with average concentrations of 49.90 mg\/L and 49.05 mg\/L, respectively. The presence of cyanobacteria and Chlorophyceae was identified in all reactors except PBR1 (only MA), which may indicate a good formation and structuring of the microalgae\u2013bacteria consortium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that filamentous microalgae were employed as a foundation for the fixation of bacteria and other algae colonies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12125799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T10:49:14Z","timestamp":1654771754000},"page":"5799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Optimization of Microalgae\u2013Bacteria Consortium in the Treatment of Paper Pulp Wastewater"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Josivaldo","family":"S\u00e1tiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech, GeoBioTec, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech, Departament of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3332-834X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech and Optical Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech, Departament of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FibEnTech, GeoBioTec, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.06.041","article-title":"A review on anaerobic-aerobic treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater","volume":"155","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. 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