{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:19:47Z","timestamp":1773767987078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.08571.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.08571.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In daily life, we perform several tasks simultaneously, and it is essential to have adequate postural control to succeed. Furthermore, when performing two or more tasks concurrently, changes in postural oscillation are expected due to the competition for the attentional resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the center of pressure (CoP) behavior and the hemodynamic response of the prefrontal cortex during static postural standing while performing cognitive tasks of increasing levels of difficulty on a smartphone in young adults. Participants were 35 healthy young adults (mean age \u00b1 SD = 22.91 \u00b1 3.84 years). Postural control was assessed by the CoP analysis (total excursion of the CoP (TOTEX CoP), displacements of the CoP in medial\u2013lateral (CoP-ML) and anterior\u2013posterior (CoP-AP) directions, mean total velocity displacement of CoP (MVELO CoP), mean displacement velocity of CoP in medial\u2013lateral (MVELO CoP-ML) and anterior\u2013posterior (MVELO CoP-AP) directions, and 95% confidence ellipse sway area (CEA)), the hemodynamic response by the oxyhemoglobin ([oxy-Hb]), deoxyhemoglobin ([deoxy-Hb]), and total hemoglobin ([total-Hb]) concentrations using a force plate and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR), respectively. The results showed that the difficult cognitive task while performing static postural standing caused an increase in all CoP variables in analysis (p &lt; 0.05) and of [oxy-Hb] (p &lt; 0.05), [deoxy-Hb] (p &lt; 0.05) and [total-Hb] (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the postural task. In conclusion, the increase in the cognitive demands negatively affected the performance of the postural task when performing them concurrently, compared to the postural task alone. The difficult cognitive task while performing the postural task presented a greater influence on postural sway and activation of the prefrontal cortex than the postural task and the easy cognitive task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T21:31:06Z","timestamp":1655933466000},"page":"6363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Influence of Cognitive Task Difficulty in Postural Control and Hemodynamic Response in the Prefrontal Cortex during Static Postural Standing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4446-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RoboCorp Laboratory, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Sports and CIAFEL, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szczepan","family":"Paszkiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, Pr\u00f3szkowska 76 Street, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports and CIAFEL, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LABIOMEP-UP, Faculty of Sports and CIFI2D, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1500-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RoboCorp Laboratory, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, CEMMPRE, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl077","article-title":"Postural orientation and equilibrium: What do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls?","volume":"35","author":"Horak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Aging"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(01)00156-4","article-title":"Attention and the control of posture and gait: A review of an emerging area of research","volume":"16","author":"Woollacott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.2.220","article-title":"Dual-Task Interference in Simple Tasks: Data and Theory","volume":"116","author":"Pashler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phychological. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.010","article-title":"Cognitive-motor dual-task interference: A systematic review of neural correlates","volume":"75","author":"Leone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nohelova, D., Bizovska, L., and Vuillerme, N. (2021). Gait Variability and Complexity during Single and Dual-Task Walking on Different Surfaces in Outdoor Environment. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144792"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S125201","article-title":"Effects of dual tasks and dual-task training on postural stability: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ghai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e81","article-title":"Effects of performing dual tasks on postural sway and postural control complexity in people with haemophilic arthropathy","volume":"26","author":"Carrasco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.05.019","article-title":"Cognitive tasks promote automatization of postural control in young and older adults","volume":"57","author":"Richer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2006.01.002","article-title":"Dual-tasking postural control: Aging and the effects of cognitive demand in conjunction with focus of attention","volume":"69","author":"Huxhold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"143","article-title":"Age differences in postural stability are increased by additional cognitive demands","volume":"51","author":"Maylor","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1159\/000102938","article-title":"Postural Sway during Dual Tasks in Young and Elderly Adults","volume":"57","author":"Prado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00089-8","article-title":"Postural control: Visual and cognitive manipulations","volume":"13","author":"Hunter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"61","article-title":"The influence of dual-tasking on postural control in young adults","volume":"22","author":"Lanzarin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fisioter. E Pesqui"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00724","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.724","article-title":"Imaging gait analysis: An fMRI dual task study","volume":"7","author":"Bridenbaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4111-x","article-title":"EEG measures reveal dual-task interference in postural performance in young adults","volume":"233","author":"Little","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.2.329","article-title":"Brain activation during maintenance of standing postures in humans","volume":"122","author":"Ouchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10103","article-title":"Brain Activations During Motor Imagery of Locomotor-Related Tasks: A PET Study","volume":"19","author":"Malouin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041403","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.4.4.041403","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in movement science: A systematic review on cortical activity in postural and walking tasks","volume":"4","author":"Herold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13948","article-title":"The present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience","volume":"1464","author":"Pinti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shine, J.M., Matar, E., Ward, P.B., Bolitho, S.J., Pearson, M., Naismith, S.L., and Lewis, S.J. (2013). Differential Neural Activation Patterns in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Freezing of Gait in Response to Concurrent Cognitive and Motor Load. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052602"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.058","article-title":"NeuroImage Assessment of the cerebral cortex during motor task behaviours in adults: A systematic review of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies","volume":"54","author":"Leff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(97)01132-6","article-title":"Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function","volume":"20","author":"Villringer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00285-9","article-title":"The Prefrontal Cortex\u2014An Update: Time is of the Essence","volume":"30","author":"Fuster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-018-0209-7","article-title":"Aging effects on prefrontal cortex oxygenation in a posture-cognition dual-task: An fNIRS pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Marusic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7053867","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7053867","article-title":"Role of the Frontal Cortex in Standing Postural Sway Tasks While Dual-Tasking: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study Examining Working Memory Capacity","volume":"2016","author":"Fujita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.1.20","article-title":"Physiological Characteristics of Capacity Constraints in Working Memory as Revealed by Functional MRI","volume":"9","author":"Callicott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Nurwulan, N.R., Iridiastadi, H., and Jiang, B.C. (2015). A review of the effect on postural stability while using mobile phone. Bridging Research and Good Practices towards Patients Welfare, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Healthcare Ergonomics and Patient Safety (HEPS), Taipei, Taiwan, 23\u201326 June 2014, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Deloitte (2017). 2017 Global Mobile Consumer Survey: US Edition, Deloitte."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.020","article-title":"Self-reported dependence on mobile phones in young adults: A European cross-cultural empirical survey","volume":"6","author":"Kuss","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669042","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.669042","article-title":"Excessive Smartphone Use Is Associated With Health Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults","volume":"12","author":"Wacks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onofrei, R.R., Amaricai, E., Suciu, O., David, V.L., Rata, A.L., and Hogea, E. (2020). Smartphone use and postural balance in healthy young adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093307"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00093-X","article-title":"Sampling duration effects on centre of pressure summary measures","volume":"13","author":"Carpenter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.10.003","article-title":"The interaction between cognition and motor control: A theoretical framework for dual-task interference effects on posture, gait initiation, gait and turning","volume":"48","author":"Bayot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2012.09.001","article-title":"Task complexity: A review and conceptualization framework","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2307\/258353","article-title":"Task Review Complexity: A Review and Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Campbell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayaz, H., Izzetoglu, M., Shewokis, P.A., and Onaral, B. (September, January 31). Sliding-window motion artifact rejection for Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Proceedings of the 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5627113"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-9-16","article-title":"Motion artifact cancellation in NIR spectroscopy using discrete Kalman filtering","volume":"9","author":"Izzetoglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1302-3","article-title":"Task prioritization in aging: Effects of sensory information on concurrent posture and memory performance","volume":"187","author":"Doumas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.08.002","article-title":"Cognitive-motor interference during functional mobility after stroke: State of the science and implications for future research","volume":"94","author":"Plummer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031405","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.3.3.031405","article-title":"False positives and false negatives in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: Issues, challenges, and the way forward","volume":"3","author":"Tachtsidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-85","article-title":"Increased frontal brain activation during walking while dual tasking: An fNIRS study in healthy young adults","volume":"11","author":"Mirelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06299-y","article-title":"Effect of cognitive task complexity on dual task postural stability: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"240","author":"Salihu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-152115","article-title":"Changes in gait pattern during multitask using smartphones","volume":"53","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2019.144.08","article-title":"Effects of a smartphone-based game on balance ability and dizziness in healthy adult individuals","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"49","article-title":"Head position influence on stabilographic variables","volume":"18","author":"Piotrowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2012.36.1.98","article-title":"The effect of the forward head posture on postural balance in long time computer based worker","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayd\u0131n, S. (2021). Cross-validated Adaboost Classification of Emotion Regulation Strategies Identified by Spectral Coherence in Resting-State. Neuroinformatics, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-021-09542-7"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103498","article-title":"Effects of cognitive-motor dual-task training on cognitive and physical performance in healthy children and adolescents: A scoping review","volume":"224","author":"Wollesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/13\/6363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:37:52Z","timestamp":1760139472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/13\/6363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["app12136363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12136363","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]}}}