{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:58:25Z","timestamp":1762642705568,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Algerian Ministry of Higher Education","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry\u2014LAQV financed by Portuguese funds from FCT\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"ALiCE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese funds through FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT funding under the Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Institutional Call","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Norma Transit\u00f3ria (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020","UIDP\/50006\/2020","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/50020\/2020","UIDP\/50020\/2020","CEECINST\/00049\/2018","DL57\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work proposes an experimental strategy to prepare argan nutshell-derived porous carbons using potassium hydroxide (KOH). Several experimental parameters of the activation process were evaluated (temperature, impregnation ratio, and activation time), and an optimized carbon (ACK) was obtained. The surface properties of the ACK sample were determined, and the porous carbon was applied as an adsorbent of diclofenac (DCF) and paroxetine (PARX). A commercial carbon (CC) was used as a benchmark. The ACK porous carbon presented a higher surface area and micropore volume (1624 m2 g\u22121 and 0.40 cm3 g\u22121, respectively) than CC carbon (1030 m2 g\u22121 and 0.30 cm3 g\u22121, respectively), but the maximum adsorption capacities of DCF (214\u2013217 mg g\u22121) and PARX (260\u2013275 mg g\u22121) were comparable among the two carbons. Besides \u03c0-\u03c0 interactions, H-bonds with the electronegative atoms of the adsorbate molecules and the electropositive H of the oxygen functional groups were appointed as the most probable mechanisms for adsorption onto ACK porous carbon. The electrostatic attraction was also considered, particularly for DCF with CC carbon. The pore size might have also been critical, since CC carbon presented more supermicropores (0.7\u20132 nm), which are usually more favorable toward the adsorption of pharmaceutical molecules. The reusability of the ACK carbon was tested up to four cycles of adsorption\u2013desorption by using ultrasonic washing with water. The results indicated that no more than one cycle of use of ACK should be performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12157607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T20:49:28Z","timestamp":1659041368000},"page":"7607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Conversion of Argan Nutshells into Novel Porous Carbons in the Scope of Circular Economy: Adsorption Performance of Emerging Contaminants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3413-8000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Mokhati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Study of Materials and Applications in the Environment, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), El Alia BP 32-16111, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Oumessa\u00e2d","family":"Benturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Study of Materials and Applications in the Environment, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), El Alia BP 32-16111, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Benturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Study of Materials and Applications in the Environment, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), El Alia BP 32-16111, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Radia","family":"Fennouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Study of Materials and Applications in the Environment, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), El Alia BP 32-16111, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Zoubida","family":"Kecira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Study of Materials and Applications in the Environment, Faculty of Chemistry (USTHB), El Alia BP 32-16111, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5823-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7862-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Lapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9015-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ol\u00edvia Salom\u00e9 G. P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering\u2014Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3131-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M. Botelho","family":"Do Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSIRG, IBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.07.031","article-title":"Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: A review","volume":"85","author":"Dias","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. 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