{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:29:43Z","timestamp":1760243383265,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The analysis of racket stiffness effect on muscle activity during movement associated with badminton is essential for a better understanding of which badminton racket is better for the athletes to use. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of racket stiffness on muscle activity and activation time of the upper limb muscles\u2014biceps (Bicp), lateral head (TLat) and long head (TLong) of the triceps\u2014when performing the backhand smash (BH) movement using two rackets with different levels of stiffness. A group of 6 volunteers, with an average age of 21.8 (\u00b14.5) years, and an average badminton practice time of 10.7 (\u00b15.3) years, performed 10 valid repetitions of the movement with each racket, and the muscle activity was collected using surface electromyography. Observing the results shows that the most excited muscle in the BH smash, in terms of (%MVC), is the TLat, regardless of the stiffness of the racket, which shows 56.9% for the Duora 33 and about 68.9% for the Duora 88, comparing with the Bicp and the TLong, respectively. Also, it was observed that the more rigid racket (Duora 88) showed a higher muscular activity for the Bicp and TLat muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T21:22:23Z","timestamp":1663795343000},"page":"9483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["sEMG Analysis of Upper Limb Muscles during Backhand Smash Using Badminton Rackets of Different Stiffness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0334-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina M.","family":"Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CIDAF-Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1711-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Nolasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6043-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Roseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE-Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Polytechnic of Coimbra, Coimbra \u00censtitute of Engineering, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5237-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE-Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1500-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE-Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Sector of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Relationship Between reaction time and deception type during smash in badminton","volume":"1","author":"Akl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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