{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:24:11Z","timestamp":1762071851285,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT) and C-MAST (Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020","UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020","UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020","UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020","UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"EU funds","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020","UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020","UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea is a respiratory problem that has serious consequences for physical and mental health, but also in monetary terms, since traffic accidents and poor work performance, among other direct consequences, are attributed to it. It is estimated that between 9% and 38% of the world\u2019s population has this disease. This is a multifactorial disease, therefore, there are several methods of detection and treatment; however, all of them cause discomfort to the patient, or to those around them. In this article we propose a system for the detection and control of obstructive sleep apnea that promises to overcome the drawbacks of the existing therapies, therefore, potentially making it a practical and effective solution for this disease. The proof of concept presented in this paper makes use of an electromyography sensor to collect the myoelectric signal produced by the genioglossus muscle. Surface electrodes provide the electromyography signals to an ESP32 microcontroller, which has the function of analyzing and comparing the data obtained with a predefined value of the apnea threshold. After the detection of an apnea, the circuit is able to create a stimulus signal that is applied directly to the muscle, so that airway occlusion does not occur, and the user does not wake up. The data from each use are automatically sent to a database to be viewed and analyzed at a later point.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app122010257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T20:53:29Z","timestamp":1665608009000},"page":"10257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel mHealth Approach for the Monitoring and Assisted Therapeutics of Obstructive Sleep Apnea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro D.","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"C-MAST, Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco N. G. J.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral No 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunicac\u0327\u00f5es, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5830-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. L. P.","family":"Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral No 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunicac\u0327\u00f5es, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.17-5-424","article-title":"Sleep in adolescents and young adults","volume":"17","author":"Bruce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.04.011","article-title":"Children\u2019s sleep and health: A meta-review","volume":"46","author":"Matricciani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.5694\/mja13.10620","article-title":"Public health implications of sleep loss: The community burden","volume":"199","author":"Hillman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip, P., Chaufton, C., Orriols, L., Lagarde, E., Amoros, E., Laumon, B., Akerstedt, T., Taillard, J., and Sagaspe, P. (2014). Complaints of poor sleep and risk of traffic accidents: A population-based case-control study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114102"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2015.10.004","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s updated sleep duration recommendations: Final report","volume":"1","author":"Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0145-6","article-title":"Classification of Sleep Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Thorpy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13066","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13066","article-title":"On the rise and fall of the apnea-hypopnea index: A historical review and critical appraisal","volume":"29","author":"Pevernagie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000222811","article-title":"Sleep apnea: Traffic and occupational accidents\u2014Individual risks, socioeconomic and legal implications","volume":"78","author":"Rodenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.05.013","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Mannarino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S124657","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: Current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Osman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"47","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Sleep Apnea","volume":"90","author":"Dempsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Physiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12913","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea pathogenesis from mild to severe: Is it all the same?","volume":"22","author":"Edwards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.12.003","article-title":"Phenotypic approaches to obstructive sleep apnoea\u2014New pathways for targeted therapy","volume":"37","author":"Eckert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/20.6.381","article-title":"Gender and Sleep Disturbance Sleep Disturbances in a Young Adult Population: Can Gender Differences Be Explained by Differences in Psychological Status?","volume":"20","author":"Lindberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.3.9911064","article-title":"Prevalence of Sleep-disordered Breathing in Women Effects of Gender","volume":"163","author":"Bixler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9706079","article-title":"Effects of Age on Sleep Apnea in Men I. Prevalence and Severity","volume":"157","author":"Bixler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.8.893","article-title":"Predictors of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Community-Dwelling Adults: The Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"162","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.20.2408","article-title":"Progression and Regression of Sleep-Disordered Breathing with Changes in Weight the Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"165","author":"Newman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00587.2005","article-title":"Excess weight and sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"99","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1159-1","article-title":"The impact of active and former smoking on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"19","author":"Varol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820931087","article-title":"Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Snoring and Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: A literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02299-y","article-title":"Validation of the STOP-Bang questionnaire for screening of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population and commercial drivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","article-title":"Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: Update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events","volume":"8","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Betts, J.G., Desaix, P., Johnson, J.E., Wise, J.A., Womble, M., and Young, K.A. (2017). Anatomy & Physiology, OpenStax."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283130f66","article-title":"Upper airway function in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea: A review of the current literature","volume":"14","author":"Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.6.8665050","article-title":"Influence of Sleep Onset on Upper-Airway Muscle Adivity in Apnea Patients versus Normal Controls","volume":"153","author":"Mezzanotte","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Nascimento, B.J. (2020). Anatomia Humana Sistem\u00e1tica B\u00e1sica, UNIVASF. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00203.2003","article-title":"Upper airway response to electrical stimulation of the genioglossus in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"95","author":"Oliven","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1124022","article-title":"Cranial nerve XII: The hypoglossal nerve","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almazaydeh, L., Elleithy, K., and Faezipour, M. (2012, January 6\u20138). Detection of obstructive sleep apnea through ECG signal features. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Electro\/Information Technology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIT.2012.6220730"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheta, A., Turabieh, H., Thaher, T., Too, J., Mafarja, M., Hossain, M.S., and Surani, S.R. (2021). Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea from ECG signals using machine learning and deep learning classifiers. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11146622"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0242","article-title":"Upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"6","author":"Sher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_155_17","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"9","author":"Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"121","article-title":"Exercise training effect on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Norman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep Res. Online"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"68","article-title":"Sleep and Respiration","volume":"26","author":"Teofilo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"233","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Natural history, diagnosis, and emerging treatment options","volume":"2","author":"Gharibeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.08.031","article-title":"Current reviews of allergy and clinical immunology Obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"112","author":"Qureshi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otot.2012.07.002","article-title":"Operative technique of upper airway stimulation: An implantable treatment of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"23","author":"Maurer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1308659","article-title":"Upper-Airway Stimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"370","author":"Strollo","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25909","article-title":"Targeted hypoglossal nerve stimulation for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: Six-month results","volume":"126","author":"Friedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000470880","article-title":"Innovative Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Nerve Stimulator","volume":"80","author":"Sommer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901320","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01320-2019","article-title":"Bilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulation for treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"55","author":"Eastwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.312","article-title":"Implantation of the nyxoah bilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulator for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/20\/10257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:52:40Z","timestamp":1760143960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/20\/10257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["app122010257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app122010257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]}}}