{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T20:13:29Z","timestamp":1769458409892,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the increase in the global terrorist threat, there has been a growing demand for materials that can more efficiently protect civil, industrial, and military structures against explosions. In this sense, two new commercial polyureas (A and B), that present high potential to be used as a protective coating on building facades against explosions, were compared in this work, through several tests. Chemical characterization with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of the surface of the polyureas revealed that the commercial polyurea A has a heterogeneous surface while the other polyurea has a more uniform and homogeneous surface, resulting in a more compact structure. The shock-wave attenuation ability of polyurea is believed to be controlled primarily by the hard domains. The TGA tests revealed that polyurea B has more hard segments than polyurea A in its composition. The mechanical tests performed showed that polyurea B has significantly better tensile properties-almost 3000% of maximum deformation capacity compared with approximately 115% of polyurea A. Thus, it was concluded that polyurea B has more potential to be used as a coating in building blast protection due to its exceptional elongation characteristics, a critical parameter to absorb the high frequency and intensity of blasts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app122110879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T04:35:17Z","timestamp":1666845317000},"page":"10879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Advanced Coatings of Polyureas for Building Blast Protection: Physical, Chemical, Thermal and Mechanical Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology, School of Engineering, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Fibrenamics Association\u2014Institute for Innovation in Fibrous and Composite Materials, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology, School of Engineering, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Fibrenamics Association\u2014Institute for Innovation in Fibrous and Composite Materials, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0950-4961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology, School of Engineering, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Fibrenamics Association\u2014Institute for Innovation in Fibrous and Composite Materials, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1566-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology, School of Engineering, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Fibrenamics Association\u2014Institute for Innovation in Fibrous and Composite Materials, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology, School of Engineering, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Fibrenamics Association\u2014Institute for Innovation in Fibrous and Composite Materials, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho\u2014Campus of Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9619-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Academy Research Center (CINAMIL), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Militar, Rua Gomes Freire, 1169-203 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mingote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NATO Counter Improvised Explosive Devices Centre of Excellence (C-IED COE), Hoyo de Manzanares, 28240 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1021\/ma300128d","article-title":"Microstructure and Segmental Dynamics of Polyurea under Uniaxial Deformation","volume":"45","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.10.029","article-title":"Deformation of polyurea: Where does the energy go?","volume":"105","author":"Mott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.110923","article-title":"Mechanical behaviors and equivalent configuration of a polyurea under wide strain rate range","volume":"222","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"103","article-title":"Polyurea coating systems: Definition, research, applications","volume":"2","author":"Szafran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parameters"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"White, J., and Naskar, K. (2001). Rubber Technologist\u2019s Handbook, iSmithers Rapra Publishing."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.03.088","article-title":"Experimental investigation of design and retrofit methods for blast load mitigation\u2014A state-of-the-art review","volume":"190","author":"Varevac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1260\/2041-4196.1.1.67","article-title":"Blast Walls for Structural Protection against High Explosive Threats: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Prot. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000228","article-title":"Use of Precast Concrete Walls for Blast Protection of Steel Stud Construction","volume":"25","author":"Naito","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Knox, K.J., Hammons, M.I., Lewis, T.T., and Porter, J.R. (1969). Polymer Materials for Structural Retrofit, Air Force Research Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:2(98)","article-title":"Use of Composite Reinforcement to Strengthen Concrete and Air-Entrained Concrete Masonry Walls against Air Blast","volume":"7","author":"Muszynski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Johnson, C.F. (2013). Concrete Masonry Wall Retrofit Systems for Blast Protection. [Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754142","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/754142","article-title":"Elastomeric Polymers for Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Structures against the Explosive Effects of Blast","volume":"2012","author":"Raman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109706","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA23866A","article-title":"Polyurea coatings for enhanced blast-mitigation: A review","volume":"6","author":"Iqbal","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.02.044","article-title":"Blast response of polymer-retrofitted masonry unit walls","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.204","article-title":"Protective polyurea coatings for enhanced blast survivability of concrete","volume":"175","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3828(2004)18:2(100)","article-title":"Explosive Testing of Polymer Retrofit Masonry Walls","volume":"18","author":"Davidson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2016.06.004","article-title":"Experimental investigation and modeling of mechanical behaviors of polyurea over wide ranges of strain rates and temperatures","volume":"53","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:8(1186)","article-title":"Blast Response of Lightly Attached Concrete Masonry Unit Walls","volume":"131","author":"Baylot","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.01.014","article-title":"Study of UV-aging of thermoplastic polyurethane material","volume":"527","author":"Boubakri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(02)00567-0","article-title":"Hydrogen bonding and polyurethane morphology. I. Quantum mechanical calculations of hydrogen bond energies and vibrational spectroscopy of model compounds","volume":"43","author":"Yurtsever","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2009.05.038","article-title":"Investigations on hygrothermal aging of thermoplastic polyurethane material","volume":"30","author":"Boubakri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46730","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46730","article-title":"Emergence of time-dependent material properties in chain extended polyureas","volume":"135","author":"Iqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che, K., Lyu, P., Wan, F., and Ma, M. (2019). Investigations on Aging Behavior and Mechanism of Polyurea Coating in Marine Atmosphere. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12213636"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2016.1222966","article-title":"Surface coating and characterisation of polyurea","volume":"38","author":"Arunkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Ambient. Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.03.033","article-title":"Investigation of the thermal degradation of polyurea: The effect of ammonium polyphosphate and expandable graphite","volume":"51","author":"Awad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.041","article-title":"Applying a polyurea coating to high-performance organic cementitious materials","volume":"38","author":"Toutanji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9440(98)00012-5","article-title":"Crack-bridging ability and liquid water permeability of protective coatings for concrete","volume":"33","author":"Delucchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2011.01.081","article-title":"Molecular-level simulations of shock generation and propagation in polyurea","volume":"10\u201311","author":"Grujicic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1002\/app.36674","article-title":"Investigation of the Curing Process of Spray Polyurea Elastomer by FTIR, DSC, and DMA","volume":"125","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/21\/10879\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:03:46Z","timestamp":1760144626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/21\/10879"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["app122110879"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app122110879","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}