{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T21:20:45Z","timestamp":1770153645135,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RD Units Project","award":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RD Units Project","award":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The blade shape is of great interest to hybrid turbine designers, due to its significant and direct impact on turbine performance. The inlet and outlet diameters of the vane affect the size of the rotor, which is limited because of the small space available in internal combustion engines. The effect of the ratio of the average inlet diameter and the average exducer inlet diameter on the performance of a mixed inlet turbine will be the focus of this study, which consists of two cases included herein for the purpose of illustrating the means of improving rotor performances and controlling the flow mass rate. In the first case, we achieved this by changing the average diameter of the exducer inlet, while, in the second one, we achieved this by changing the average inlet diameter. Additionally, the angles of the inlet and outlet blades were recalculated to preserve the same blade profile and to eliminate the effect of curvilinearity. It was noted that the shape of the blade was very sensitive to changes in the ratio of the investigated diameters, and\u2014in both cases\u2014interesting results were obtained. First, an increase in output work and in total static isentropic efficiency by 2.16% and 2.15%, respectively, was generated, with a saving of 3.52% of the used mass flow and a lighter rotor compared to one that used to take up the same space by using fixed average inlet diameter blades. In the second case, there was an increase in the output work by 3.31%, and in the total static isentropic efficiency by 3.34%, but the rotor became heavier and required an increase in the mass flow used. Since inter-blade flows are very complex, three-dimensional and viscous\u2014featuring various types of secondary and eddy flows\u2014the CFX.15-CFD code was used in all models to solve the averaged Navier\u2013Stokes equations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app122312165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:43:03Z","timestamp":1669624983000},"page":"12165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Influence of the Main Geometrical Parameters on the Design and Performance of Mixed Inflow Turbines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4880-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Amine","family":"Chelabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FERTIAL SPA Company, Industrial Zone SPA BP 40, Arzew 31200, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Dobrotvorskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology and Metal-Cutting Machines, National Technical University \u201cKharkiv Polytechnic Institute\u201d, 2, Kyrpychova St., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8549-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yevheniia","family":"Basova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology and Metal-Cutting Machines, National Technical University \u201cKharkiv Polytechnic Institute\u201d, 2, Kyrpychova St., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9680-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borys A.","family":"Aleksenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology and Metal-Cutting Machines, National Technical University \u201cKharkiv Polytechnic Institute\u201d, 2, Kyrpychova St., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Edl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Plzen, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Zdebor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Power System Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Plzen, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEtRICs Research Center, Campus of Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1299\/kikai1938.35.2401","article-title":"Investigation of Radial Inflow Turbine: 2nd Report A Method of Performance Estimation for Variable Geometry Radial Inflow Turbine","volume":"35","author":"Sawada","year":"1969","journal-title":"Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kofskey, M.G., and Haas, J.E. (1973). Effect of Reducing Rotor Blade Inlet Diameter on the Performance of a 11.66-Centimeter Radial-Inflow Turbine, Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baines, N.C. (1996, January 10\u201313). Flow development in radial turbine rotors. Proceedings of the 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress & Exhibition, Birmingham, UK.","DOI":"10.1115\/96-GT-065"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Roelke, R.J. (1992). Radial Turbine Cooling, Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2836651","article-title":"Design and test of a small, high pressure ratio radial turbine","volume":"118","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Turbomach."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takamura, T., and Nishiguchi, F. (1992, January 1\u20134). Influence of blade aerodynamic loading on efficiency of radial-inflow turbines. Proceedings of the ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, GT 1992, Cologne, Germany.","DOI":"10.1115\/92-GT-091"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Abidat, M., Baines, N.C., and Firth, M.R. (1992, January 1\u20134). The Effects of Blade Loading in Radial and Mixed Flow Turbines. Proceedings of the ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, GT 1992, Cologne, Germany.","DOI":"10.1115\/92-GT-092"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodgers, C. Turbochargers to Small Gas Turbines? In Proceedings of the ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition, Orlando, FL, USA, 2\u20135 June 1997.","DOI":"10.1115\/97-GT-200"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, F.J., Baines, N.C., and Whitfield, A. (1976, January 21\u201325). A Unified Approach to the One-Dimensional Analysis and Design of Radial and Mixed Flow Turbines. Proceedings of the ASME 1976 International Gas Turbine and Fluids Engineering Conference, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/76-GT-100"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031102","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4006174","article-title":"Preliminary design and performance estimation of radial inflow turbines: An automated approach","volume":"134","author":"Ventura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1007\/s11630-021-1488-2","article-title":"Effects of Squealer Geometry of Turbine Blade Tip on the Tip-Leakage Flow and Loss","volume":"30","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2372778","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of active flow control mixed-flow turbine for automotive turbocharger application","volume":"129","author":"Pesiridis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Turbomach."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copeland, C.D., Newton, P., Martinez-Botas, R.F., and Seiler, M. (2012, January 12\u201316). A comparison of timescales within a pulsed flow turbocharger turbine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers\u201410th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging 2012, Savoy Place, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857096135.8.389"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121596","article-title":"Equation-oriented methods for design optimization and performance analysis of radial inflow turbines","volume":"237","author":"Hagen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(69)90043-5","article-title":"A method for evaluating the off-design performance of a radial inflow turbine and comparison with experiments","volume":"11","author":"Dadone","year":"1969","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wasserbauer, C.A., and Glassman, A.J. (1975). FORTRAN Program for Predicting Off-Design Performance of Radial-Inflow Turbines, Work of the US Gov. Public Use Permitted."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Rodgers, C. (1976). Advanced Radial Inflow Turbine Rotor Program:Design and Dynamic Testing, NASA-CR-135080, SOLAR-ER-2519."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauriau, P.-T., Binder, N., Cros, S., Roumeas, M., and Carbonneau, X. (2018). Preliminary design considerations for variable geometry radial turbines with multi-points specifications. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijtpp3040022"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alawadhi, K., Alhouli, Y., Ashour, A., and Alfalah, A. (2020). Design and optimization of a radial turbine to be used in a rankine cycle operating with an OTEC system. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8110855"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"9","article-title":"Radial turbine design process","volume":"11","author":"Zahed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Isesco J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodgers, C. (2000, January 8\u201311). Radial turbines\u2014Blade number and reaction effects. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1115\/2000-GT-0456"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1243\/0957650991537554","article-title":"Experimental performance evaluation of a 99.0 mm radial inflow nozzled turbine at larger stator-rotor throat area ratios","volume":"213","author":"Doran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part A J. Power Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gao, Y., and Petrie-Repar, P. (2018, January 16\u201317). Validation of meanline performance prediction method for radial and mixed flow turbine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers\u201413th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging 2018, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palfreyman, D., and Martinez-Botas, R.F. (2002, January June). Numerical Study of the Internal Flow Field Characteristics in Mixed Flow Turbines. Proceedings of the Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2002-30372"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou, C., and Gibbs, C.A. (1989). The Design and Testing of a Mixed-flow Turbine for Turbochargers. SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., 890644.","DOI":"10.4271\/890644"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minegishi, H., Matsushita, H., Sakakida, M., and Koike, T. (1995, January 5\u20138). Development of a Small Mixed-Flow Turbine for Automotive Turbochargers. Volume 2: Aircraft Engine; Marine; Microturbines and Small Turbomachinery. Proceedings of the International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/95-GT-053"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Wallace, F.J., and Pasha, S.G.A. (1972, January 4\u20139). Design construction and testing of a mixed flow gas turbine. Proceedings of the Second International JSME Symposium on Fluid Machinery and Fluids, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajoo, S., and Martinez-Botas, R. (2006, January 17\u201318). Experimental study on the performance of a variable geometry mixed flow turbine for automotive turbocharger. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-84569-174-5.50017-8"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesiridis, A., and Martinez-Botas, R.F. (2005, January 6\u20139). Experimental evaluation of active flow control mixed-flow turbine for automotive turbocharger application. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2005\u2014Gas Turbie Technology: Focus for the Future, Reno, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2005-68830"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesiridis, A., and Martinez-Botas, R. (2006, January 17\u201318). Active control turbocharger for auto-motive application an experimental evaluation. Proceedings of the IMechE International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-84569-174-5.50020-8"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Pesiridis, A. (2007). Turbocharger Turbine Unsteady Aerodynamics with Active Control. [Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College London]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.P., Jupp, M.L., Nickson, A.K., and Allport, J.M. (2017, January 26\u201330). Analysis of a tilted turbine housing volute design under pulsating inlet conditions. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2017, Charlotte, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/GT2017-63668"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"24","article-title":"Numerical Study of a Vanned Mixed Flow Turbine Operating in Various Steady Flow Conditions","volume":"7","author":"Ketata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"349","article-title":"The number of blade effects on the performance of a mixed turbine rotor","volume":"37","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814017708174","article-title":"Influence of the volute cross-sectional shape on mixed inflow turbine performances","volume":"9","author":"Meghnine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"31","article-title":"Investigation of a twin entry mixed flow turbine volute, benefits with regard to the eco-system","volume":"32","author":"Hamel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Phys. Mech."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Morrison, R., Spence, S., Kim, S., Filsinger, D., and Leonard, T. (2016, January 22\u201323). Investigation of the effects of flow conditions at rotor inlet on mixed flow turbine performance for automotive applications. Proceedings of the International Turbocharging Seminar 2016, Tianjin, China."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"7","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation on flow angle characteristics of an automotive mixed flow turbocharger turbine","volume":"77","author":"Padzillah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Teknol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.18178\/ijmerr.9.6.791-796","article-title":"Impact of mixed flow turbines on the efficiency of automotive turbocharger applications","volume":"9","author":"Udayakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Eng. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1243\/14680870260189253","article-title":"Mixed-flow turbines for automotive turbochargers: Steady and unsteady performance","volume":"3","author":"Karamanis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Engine Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., and Zangeneh, M. (2020, January 11-12). Multidisciplinary and multi-point optimisation of radial and mixed-inflow turbines for turbochargers using 3D inverse design method. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging\u2014Proceedings of the International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging 2021, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003132172-19"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4047894","article-title":"Design and performance analysis of mixed flow turbine rotors with extended blade chord","volume":"142","author":"Leonard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Turbomach."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3311\/PPme.9890","article-title":"Effects of cone angle and inlet blade angle on mixed inflow turbine performances","volume":"61","author":"Chelabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelabi, M.A., Saga, M., Kuric, I., Basova, Y., Dobrotvorskiy, S., Ivanov, V., and Pavlenko, I. (2022). Effects of deviation blade angle on mixed inflow turbine performances. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12083781"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"D1","article-title":"Analysis of the three-dimensional accelerating flow in a mixed turbine rotor","volume":"8","author":"Chelabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.14311\/AP.2019.59.0283","article-title":"Deflections and frequency analysis in the milling of thin-walled parts with variable low stiffness","volume":"59","author":"Kononenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Polytech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobrotvorskiy, S., Kononenko, S., Basova, Y., Dobrovolska, L., and Edl, M. (2021, January 8\u201311). Development of Optimum Thin-Walled Parts Milling Parameters Calculation Technique. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Design, Simulation, Manufacturing: The Innovation Exchange, DSMIE 2021, Lviv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77719-7_34"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/23\/12165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:36Z","timestamp":1760146116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/23\/12165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["app122312165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app122312165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]}}}