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have long attracted market interest as a source of natural compounds such as pigments with proven bioactivity (carotenoid and phycobiliproteins). The cultivation and extraction processes for such compounds have been developed at different levels, from laboratory trials to photobioreactors on a demonstration scale. Based on this experience, it is possible to propose how the different stages of the process can be improved based on environmental performance indicators. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology allows to identify the hotspots that represent the greatest environmental impacts and to propose strategies to focus on those stages that can be improved. The general environmental indicators have been identified and the results showed that cyanobacteria cultivation has the greatest influence on environmental impact for all scales considered (from 20 L to 100 m3), which is attributed to the energy requirements. The main changes proposed to reduce the impact should focus on the stages of reactor cleaning, culture medium sterilisation and biomass drying. The implementation of these improvement alternatives can reduce the impact of the production and extraction processes by 85%. This work demonstrates how technological development must go hand in hand with impact assessment to make the best decisions in the overall process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app122412999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T04:54:13Z","timestamp":1671425653000},"page":"12999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identifying Key Environmental Indicators in the Assessment of the Proof-of-Concept in Pigment Production from the Marine Cyanobacterium Cyanobium sp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6148-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Pagels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CRETUS\u2014Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, R\u00faa de Lope G\u00f3mez de Marzoa, s\/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3354-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRETUS\u2014Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, R\u00faa de Lope G\u00f3mez de Marzoa, s\/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9181-512X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Catarina","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3593-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio A.","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3585-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Novo Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"FCUP\u2014Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9354-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRETUS\u2014Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, R\u00faa de Lope G\u00f3mez de Marzoa, s\/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, C., Knoop, H., Axmann, I.M., and Steuer, R. 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