{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:46:13Z","timestamp":1760147173294,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory\u2014LABAM from Federal University of Sergipe\u2014Brazil","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Project PhotoBioValue","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT PhD Research Scholarships","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020","PTDC\/BTA-BTA\/2902\/2021","2021.07412.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microalgae harvesting by coagulation can use coagulant agents such as alum, synthetic polymers or biocoagulants. Biocoagulants have attracted the attention of researchers because they are natural, biodegradable, and promote high microalgal harvesting efficiencies. This study aims to optimize the harvesting of Chlorella vulgaris based on the dosage of the Opuntia cochenillifera extract and the choice of eluent for biopolymer extraction. The outdoor cultivation of C. vulgaris achieved a specific growth rate of 0.455 d\u22121 and a maximum biomass concentration of 1.28 gDW L\u22121. In order to harvest the microalgal biomass, the polymer present in the mucilage of O. cochenillifera was extracted using NaOH and HCl. Coagulation and sedimentation assays were performed with different coagulant dosages: 3.5, 5.9, and 8.2 g L\u22121. The maximum harvesting efficiencies using the acid and alkaline extract coagulant solutions were 80.8% and 99.5%, respectively, with a dosage of 3.5 g L\u22121. According to the results, the C. vulgaris biomass can be harvested with the mucilage from O. cochenillifera in acid and alkaline eluents. The application of this biocoagulant constitutes a sustainable solution for microalgal harvesting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13021203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T06:52:10Z","timestamp":1673851930000},"page":"1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sustainable Microalgal Harvesting Process Applying Opuntia cochenillifera: Process Parameters Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline R. da S.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LABAM\u2014Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s\/n, Jd. Rosa Elze, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o-Se 49100-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ramon da S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABAM\u2014Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s\/n, Jd. Rosa Elze, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o-Se 49100-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rayssa A.","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABAM\u2014Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s\/n, Jd. Rosa Elze, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o-Se 49100-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2738-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C. M.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2745-3","article-title":"Microalgae polysaccharides: The new sustainable bioactive products for the development of plant bio-stimulants?","volume":"35","author":"Chanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2022.107988","article-title":"New trends in biotechnological applications of photosynthetic microorganisms","volume":"59","author":"Podstawczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2009.12.001","article-title":"Biological importance of marine algae","volume":"18","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clce.2022.100044","article-title":"Progress in microalgae application for CO2 sequestration","volume":"3","author":"Ighalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111852","article-title":"Continuous cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy: Current status and future challenges","volume":"154","author":"Peter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151111","article-title":"High-value biochemical products & applications of freshwater eukaryotic microalgae","volume":"809","author":"Russell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110005","article-title":"A review on flocculation as an efficient method to harvest energy microalgae: Mechanisms, performances, influencing factors and perspectives","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126406","article-title":"Mass cultivation and harvesting of microalgal biomass: Current trends and future perspectives","volume":"344","author":"Udayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135724","article-title":"Microalgae biomass concentration and reuse of water as new cultivation medium using ceramic membrane filtration","volume":"307","author":"Ricceri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2015.03.005","article-title":"Harvesting microalgae by magnetic separation: A review","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.6573","article-title":"Pilot-scale microalgae harvesting with ceramic microfiltration modules: Evaluating the effect of operational parameters and membrane configuration on filtration performance and membrane fouling","volume":"96","author":"Bamba","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126404","article-title":"Recent progress in flocculation, dewatering, and drying technologies for microalgae utilization: Scalable and low-cost harvesting process development","volume":"344","author":"Min","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132806","article-title":"Potential of microalgae cultivation using nutrient-rich wastewater and harvesting performance by biocoagulants\/bioflocculants: Mechanism, multi-conversion of biomass into valuable products, and future challenges","volume":"365","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5024","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c00365","article-title":"Biocoagulant with frother properties for harvesting Invasive microalgae colonies from the eutrophicated system","volume":"10","author":"Saliu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151668","article-title":"Exploring the extraction methods for plant-based coagulants and their future approaches","volume":"818","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2010.05.030","article-title":"Emerging usage of plant-based coagulants for water and wastewater treatment","volume":"45","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113202","article-title":"Moringa oleifera seed defatted press cake based biocoagulant for the treatment of coal beneficiation plant effluent","volume":"296","author":"Kapse","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.04.002","article-title":"Harvesting microalgae grown on wastewater","volume":"139","author":"Udom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110690","article-title":"Bio-based flocculants for sustainable harvesting of microalgae for biofuel production. A review","volume":"139","author":"Ogbonna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5812","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2013.816875","article-title":"Assessment of feasibility of natural coagulants in turbidity removal and modeling of coagulation process","volume":"52","author":"Jadhav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-111-1-1","article-title":"Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria","volume":"111","author":"Rippka","year":"1979","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esd.2022.06.003","article-title":"Regression-based spatial GIS analysis for an accurate assessment of renewable energy potential","volume":"69","author":"Raillani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Rice, E., Baird, R., and Eaton, A. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Water Environment Federation (WEF). [23rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102701","article-title":"A kinetic model of heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of the potential biofuel organism microalgae Chlorella Sorokiniana","volume":"64","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102204","article-title":"Strategy for the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris with high biomass production and biofuel potential in wastewater from the oil industry","volume":"25","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"75","article-title":"Estudo da efici\u00eancia de pol\u00edmero natural extra\u00eddo do cacto mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru) como auxiliar nos processos de coagula\u00e7\u00e3o e flocula\u00e7\u00e3o no tratamento de \u00e1gua","volume":"14","author":"Zara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Estud. Ambient."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126042","article-title":"Anaerobic digested effluent phycoremediation by microalgae co-culture and harvesting by Moringa oleifera as natural coagulant","volume":"292","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125669","article-title":"Factors governing microalgae harvesting efficiency by flocculation using cationic polymers","volume":"340","author":"Vu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116333","article-title":"Assessment and mechanisms of microalgae growth inhibition by phosphonates: Effects of intrinsic toxicity and complexation","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125059","article-title":"Effect of growth conditions on cell wall composition and cadmium adsorption in Chlorella vulgaris: A new approach to biosorption research","volume":"411","author":"Lobos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.01.087","article-title":"Kinetic characteristics and modeling of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris growth and CO2 biofixation considering the coupled effects of light intensity and dissolved inorganic carbon","volume":"206","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.09.123","article-title":"Growth and lipid accumulation characteristics of Scenedesmus obliquus in semi-continuous cultivation outdoors for biodiesel feedstock production","volume":"173","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116603","article-title":"Synergy between membrane filtration and flocculation for harvesting microalgae","volume":"240","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.08.033","article-title":"Effect of pH on growth and lipid accumulation kinetics of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris grown heterotrophically under sulfur limitation","volume":"219","author":"Sakarika","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102226","article-title":"Flocculation properties of eight microalgae induced by aluminum chloride, chitosan, amphoteric polyacrylamide, and alkaline: Life-cycle assessment for screening species and harvesting methods","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127881","article-title":"Green coagulants recovering Scenedesmus obliquus: An optimization study","volume":"262","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.03.070","article-title":"Natural plant extracts as an economical and ecofriendly alternative for harvesting microalgae","volume":"283","author":"Behera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113224","article-title":"Elucidation the influence of design variables on coagulation\u2013flocculation mechanisms in the lab-scale bio-coagulation on toxic industrial effluent treatment","volume":"212","author":"Vishali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2022.106348","article-title":"A review on mechanical-based microalgae harvesting methods for biofuel production","volume":"158","author":"Ghazvini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"}],"container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/2\/1203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:07:29Z","timestamp":1760119649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/13\/2\/1203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["app13021203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13021203","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]}}}