{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T20:32:22Z","timestamp":1770237142563,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthognathic surgery is a procedure used to correct intermaxillary discrepancies, thus promoting significant improvements in chewing and breathing. During the surgical planning stage, orthodontists often use two-dimensional imaging techniques. The assessment is based on CBCT images and dental cast models to overcome these limitations; however, the evaluation of soft tissues remains complex. The aim of the present study was to develop a co-registration method of CBCT and photo images that would result in realistic facial image reconstruction. CBCT images were three-dimensionally rendered, and the soft tissues were subsequently segmented resulting in the cranial external surface. A co-registration between the obtained surface and a frontal photo of the subject was then carried out. From this mapping, a photorealistic model capable of replicating the features of the face was generated. To assess the quality of this procedure, seven orthodontists were asked to fill in a survey on the models obtained. The survey results showed that orthodontists consider the three-dimensional model obtained to be realistic and of high quality. This process can automatically obtain a three-dimensional model from CBCT images, which in turn may enhance the predictability of surgical-orthognathic planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/app13021226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T01:41:20Z","timestamp":1673919680000},"page":"1226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Realistic Facial Three-Dimensional Reconstruction from CT Images and 2D Photographic Images for Surgical-Orthognathic Planning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2245-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2615-2929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8278-5037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5682-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena Prata","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8937-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Travassos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela Baptista","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3030-370 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Caramelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3030-370 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (LBIM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, 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